Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Depression in Battered Women: The Mediating Role of Learned Helplessness

Learned helplessness (LH) may mediate the link between violence exposure and mental disorders in battered women. This study evaluated the contribution of LH to Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and major depression (MDD) in women with prolonged exposure to partner violence in 101 residents of shelters for battered women in Israel. DSM-IV axis-I disorders were assessed by a structured clinical interview. Self-report questionnaires evaluated exposure to violence, symptoms of PTSD and depression, LH, history of child abuse, SES and the extent of male-dominance and prejudice against women in the participants prior socialization background. LH significantly mediated the effect of violence on PTSD and depression symptoms. Male-dominated background contributed to LH. Thus, LH may increase the risk of mental disorders in battered women and should be addressed in interventions designed to reduce the burden of mental illness in this population.     

Testing the Causal Mediation Component of Dodge's Social Information Processing Model of Social Competence and Depression

In Dodge's model of “social information processing” depression is the result of a linear sequence of five stages of information processing (Annu Rev Psychol 44: 559–584, 1993). These stages follow a person's reaction to situational stimuli, such that each stage of information processing mediates the relationship between earlier and later stages. Because support for the social information processing model of depression has mainly come from retrospective examination of the literature (Annu Rev Psychol 44: 559–584, 1993), we conducted a three wave prospective study including 92 adolescents without lifetime or current depression. Depressive symptoms and information processing were assessed by using well established measures employed in previous studies. The social information processing model was supported by cross-sectional results of our study. Based on prospective data we could only partially support the mediation hypotheses of the model. We discuss our unexpected results in light of limitation, including applied measures and sample characteristics.

Psychosocial Factors in Adolescent and Young Adult Self-Reported Depressive Symptoms: Causal or Correlational Associations?

Using a large longitudinal representative community sample, this study identified three groups of subjects who were depressed either in pre-adolescence, late adolescence or early adulthood, and matched by age and gender to controls without depression. The 90th percentile on one or two self-reported symptom scales [i. e. the Center for Epidemilogical Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) or the subscale Anxious / Depressed subscale on either the Youth Self Report (YSR) or the Young Adult Self Report (YASR)] served as the cut-off for the depression groups. Psychosocial variables under study included life events and life events impact, coping, self-related cognitions, perceived parental rearing style, family relations, perceived school environment, and the internalizing (except anxious/depressed) and externalizing problem scale of the YSR/YASR. The study found a large number of time-related correlations between psychosocial factors and depression. Evidence for causal effect (either antecedent or consequent) was obtained only for self-esteem, perceived maternal rejection, and internalizing problems.     

五行音乐佐治老年抑郁症临床研究

目的 观察中医五行音乐对老年抑郁症患者抑郁状态的影响。方法 采用前瞻、随机、对照的方法,将91例老年抑郁症患者分为治疗组（五行音乐组,n=47）、阳性对照组（西方音乐组,n=23）和阴性对照组（不接受音乐治疗,n=21）,各组患者在接受常规抗抑郁治疗的基础上分别聆听不同的音乐,治疗前和治疗4周后分别采用抑郁自评量表（self-rating depression scale, SDS）、汉密尔顿抑郁量表（Hamilton depression rating scale,HAMD）测评患者的抑郁状态,观察临床疗效及不良反应。结果 治疗组治疗后SDS评分,HAMD总分及各因子分均较治疗前显著降低（P<0.05）;治疗组治疗后SDS降低值,HAMD总分及焦虑/躯体化因子评分和睡眠障碍因子评分降低值显著大于阳性对照组和阴性对照组（P<0.05）。治疗组临床疗效明显优于阴性对照组（P<0.05）。结论 中医五行音乐可以改善老年抑郁症患者的抑郁症状。     

The Media and the Chemical Imbalance Theory of Depression

The cause of mental disorders such as depression remains unknown. However, the idea that neurotransmitter imbalances cause depression is vigorously promoted by pharmaceutical companies and the psychiatric profession at large. We examine media reports referring to this chemical imbalance theory and ask reporters for evidence supporting their claims. We then report and critique the scientific papers and other confirming evidence offered in response to our questions. Responses were received from multiple sources, including practicing psychiatrists, clients, and a major pharmaceutical company. The evidence offered was not compelling, and several of the cited sources flatly stated that the proposed theory of serotonin imbalance was known to be incorrect. The media can play a positive role in mental health reporting by ensuring that the information reported is congruent with the peer-reviewed scientific literature.

肝豆状核变性患者生命质量与中医证型的相关性研究

目的 探究肝豆状核变性（Wilsons disease,WD）患者生命质量的主要影响因素及其与中医证型的关系。方法 运用SF-36量表、抑郁自评量表（self-rating depression scale,SDS）调查186例WD患者的生命质量和情绪状况,并比较不同证型WD患者及参照人群SF-36量表各维度评分的差异;运用Pearson和Spearman相关分析及多元线性逐步回归研究SF-36量表各维度评分与各影响因素（包括患者性别、文化程度、居住地、病程等）的关系。结果 除精神健康维度外,男性WD患者其余7个维度评分显著低于男性参照人群（P＜0.01）;女性WD患者所有维度评分均显著低于女性参照人群（P＜0.01）。影响患者生命质量的因素较多,其中病程、费用支出方式、SDS评分对患者SF-36量表多个维度评分都呈负面影响。不同中医证型WD患者的生理功能、生理职能、社会功能、情感职能评分均显著低于参照人群（P<0.05,或P<0.01）;痰瘀互结型和肝肾阴虚型患者躯体疼痛评分显著低于痰湿中阻型（P＜0.01）,脾肾阳虚型患者的活力评分显著低于肝气郁结型（P＜0.05）,肝气郁结型患者的情感职能评分显著低于痰瘀互结型（P＜0.05）。结论 WD患者生命质量较正常人明显降低,不同证型患者的生命质量存在差异,对WD患者应早诊断、早治疗,加强农村患者的医疗保障。     

加减薯蓣丸抑制EphA4/RhoA/Rock信号通路改善血管性痴呆伴抑郁小鼠髓鞘再生及抑郁行为

目的 观察加减薯蓣丸对血管性痴呆（vascular dementia,VD）伴抑郁小鼠的疗效并探究其作用机制。方法 采用双侧颈总动脉狭窄法结合慢性不可预测温和刺激复制VD伴抑郁小鼠模型,将小鼠分为假手术组、模型组、加减薯蓣丸组以及氟西汀组。采用行为学实验检测小鼠抑郁行为,免疫荧光法检测小鼠胼胝体血小板衍生生长因子受体α（platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha,PDGFRα）、髓鞘碱性蛋白（myelin basic protein,MBP）表达水平,Western blot法检测MBP、少突胶质细胞糖蛋白（myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein,MOG）、髓鞘相关糖蛋白（myelin associated glycoprotein,MAG）、酪氨酸蛋白激酶EPH受体A4（Ephrin receptor A4,EphA4）、Ras同源基因家族成员-A（Ras homolog gene family,member A,RhoA）、轴突生长抑制因子-A（neurite outgrowth inhibitor-A,Nogo-A）、Rho相关卷曲螺旋蛋白激酶（Rho associated coiled-coil forming protein kinase,Rock）、Nogo受体（Nogo receptor,NgR）的蛋白表达水平,劳克坚牢蓝(Luxol fast bue,LFB)染色法观察胼胝体髓鞘结构,超微透射电子显微镜观察髓鞘超微结构。结果 行为学检测结果显示,加减薯蓣丸组及氟西汀组小鼠在旷场实验中活动总路程显著增加（P＜0.05）,糖水偏好率显著升高（P＜0.05）,强迫游泳实验中不动时间明显增加（P＜0.05）;免疫荧光染色结果显示,加减薯蓣丸、氟西汀均可增加PDGFRα、MBP荧光强度;LFB染色结果显示,与假手术组比较,模型组小鼠LFB髓鞘染色缺失,存在脱髓鞘改变,加减薯蓣丸能改善VD抑郁小鼠髓鞘着色程度;Western blot法检测结果显示,与假手术组比较,模型组小鼠胼胝体中MBP、MOG、MAG表达水平显著下降（P＜0.05）,加减薯蓣丸组小鼠MBP、MOG、MAG表达水平显著升高（P＜0.05）;加减薯蓣丸组小鼠胼胝体中EphA4、RhoA、Rock、Nogo-A、NgR蛋白表达水平显著降低（P＜0.05）。结论 加减薯蓣丸可能通过抑制EphA4/RhoA/Rock通路促进髓鞘再生,改善VD小鼠的抑郁状态。     

益气活血解郁汤治疗卒中后抑郁疗效观察

目的 观察益气活血解郁汤治疗卒中后抑郁的临床疗效。方法 将112例卒中后抑郁患者随机分为治疗组（n=57）和对照组（n=55）,所有病例均给予基础对症治疗,治疗组患者加用益气活血解郁汤治疗,对照组加用盐酸氟西汀治疗。观察治疗前后两组患者抑郁症状疗效,汉密尔顿抑郁量表（Hamilton depression scale,HAMD）、美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表（national institute of health stroke scale,NIHSS）评分和巴氏指数（Barthel index,BI）,并记录不良反应。结果 两组患者治疗6周后,HAMD评分、NIHSS评分、BI均较治疗前明显改善（P<0.05）;治疗组患者HAMD评分改善情况略低于对照组（P<0.05）,NIHSS评分、BI与对照组比较差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）;两组不良反应发生率比较,差异具有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论 益气活血解郁汤可以明显改善卒中后抑郁患者HAMD评分、NIHSS评分、BI,减轻抑郁症状,同时具有帮助神经功能康复及提升患者日常生活能力的作用,较盐酸氟西汀在改善患者抑郁症状方面的作用稍弱,但具有很好的安全性。     

在京韩国留学生跨文化适应问题研究

本文将跨文化适应划分为社会文化适应和心理适应两个方面,通过对在京韩国留学生的开放式问卷调查以及个人访谈,证明虽然韩国留学生也会经历由不适到适应的曲折阶段。但几乎所有时间段的学生都不能适应和认同中国现有的社会公德意识和服务模式。生活时间1至2年的留学生跨文化适应,尤其是心理适应程度最低,抑郁症状相对较重。而在京生活4年以上的韩国留学生基本上都能适应中国的社会生活,且都把中国看作是自己的第二故乡。本文分析了影响韩国留学生跨文化适应的中韩两国社会文化观念和行为习惯的差异,探讨了中韩两国的不同意识结构。