人大代表直接选举中把关实体间的位序关系

目前县乡人大代表直接选举中的把关实体涵盖执政党、相关政治法典、政治流程及技术体系、选区及选民等几个方面,把关对象即人大代表.诸把关实体之间的现有位序关系还不能体现选区和选民利益优先的原则,因此,代表还很难以选民的利益作为履职的根本依据,这在某种程度上阻隔了民意上升的渠道,使人大机关没有充分发挥民意代理的应有功能.为了改变这种状况,就要认真清理各把关实体间的位序关系,最终使它们都能以选民的利益为本,体现公民授权与代议民主的政治原则.     

萧公权的宪政观——《宪政与民主》评述

萧公权先生写于民国年间的诸多政论,于宪政四要素法治、自由、民主、分权中更为青睐民主与法治,主张民治为体,法治为用。萧氏晚年愈加趋向保守,若以对待传统、历史进步论以及宪政建构的路径依赖为区分,其可谓一个中国特色的古典宪政主义者。     

流动票箱：村民选举的一种现时性选择

通过对苏南农村村民自治状况的实证研究 ,得出一个结论 ,即当前苏南农村基层正在推行的民主选举方式———流动票箱制度 ,是一种现时性的村民选举方式 ,其现时性主要取决于村民的经济利益、权利意识、自组织能力、村民选举委员会动员能力等因素。流动票箱制度在选举过程中存在持箱人的确定、持箱人对划票过程的可能影响等问题 ,以及潜在着剥夺村民进行集中讨论、在公共场所进行公开选举等隐患 ,因此建议 :发展和完善社会主义市场经济 ;加快政治体制改革 ;进一步完备法律体制     

城市社区民主自治的条件与机制

城市社区建设的基本目标是民主自治,这一机制的实现条件包括如下几点:民主的选举、充足的资源、健全的规章制度、政府的支持及能干的社区领导者;同时实现目标还需要创新机制,这些机制至少应包括资源获得机制、社区参与机制、社区工作机制、社区意识的整合机制、监督机制和激励机制等。此外,为更好实现民主自治,还有三个问题值得进一步思考,如街道与社区的关系、鼓励与社区的关系,以及社区主任与社区工作成效的关系等等。     

全国人大常委会的代表性探讨

人民代表机关应该而且必须具有代表性,即必须经过专用程序和方式代表人民的意愿和利益。代表性是人民代表机关的根本属性。人民代表机关只有具有代表性,才能保障自身的民主性质。只有人民代表机关具有代表性,整个政权体系才具有民主根基。全国人大常委会的代表性还很欠缺。缺乏代表性使全国人大常委会的民意代表机关的真实性成为问题;这又不能不影响全国人大常委会行使职权的正当性。应从选举环节和沟通环节增强全国人大常委会的代表性。     

Malapportionment in space and time: Decompose it!

Existing studies on legislative malapportionment often conceptualize and measure this phenomenon with little regard to intertemporal variations and the malapportionment-generating process (MGP). Our conceptualization leads us to introduce a measure called α-divergence that can identify the vote inequality derived from various stages of MGP. Using an originally created database that covers 440 elections in 112 countries, we decompose the overall degree of malapportionment into three stages: malapportionment that arises at the stages of interstate apportionment, intrastate districting, and allotment of seats to special districts. We also provide analyses that can decompose the demographic and political factors contributing to the trends of the overall degree of malapportionment for selected countries.     

The impact of election outcome on internal political efficacy: The role of contextual factors

Many studies have investigated the consequences of election outcome for one of the important public attitudes, political efficacy. The effect of election outcome on external efficacy has been confirmed by most previous studies, whereas the effect on internal efficacy is not clear-cut. By reconceptualizing internal efficacy based on the social cognitive theory of self-efficacy, this study argues that there are two conditions for an election outcome’s impact on internal efficacy: the expected difficulty of winning and the level of involvement in the election. By analyzing panel survey data collected for three Japanese Lower House elections, this study shows that election outcome exerted an impact on internal efficacy if the following two conditions were simultaneously satisfied: (1) winners/losers perceived that the election was difficult/easy to win, and (2) voters were deeply involved in the election process.     

“Wisdom of crowds”? A decentralised election forecasting model that uses citizens’ local expectations

Many studies report the “wonders of aggregation” and that groups (often) yield better decisions than individuals. Can this “wisdom of crowds”-effect be used to forecast elections? Forecasting models in first-past-the-post systems need to translate vote shares into seat shares by some formula; however, the seat–vote ratio alters from election to election. To circumvent this problem, this paper proposes citizen forecasting, which aggregates citizens’ local expectations to directly forecast constituencies. Using data from the 2010 British Election Study, this paper finds (1) that groups are better forecasters than individuals, (2) that citizen forecasting correctly predicts a hung parliament, and (3) that marginality and group size are important predictors for “getting it right”.     

社会主义文化管理人才素质论要

社会主义文化管理人才是复合型人才,必须具备政治素质、道德素质、文化素质、市场素质、教育素质、心理素质和创新素质等,并能将这些素质有机结合起来形成实际管理能力。其中,社会主义文化高级管理人才还应具备正确处理文化价值观的一元性与多元性、文化表现形式的高雅性与通俗性、文化产品的社会效益与经济效益等矛盾关系的高水平素质。     

承揽合同四论

区别承揽合同与劳动合同,首先看当事人双方的约定,无约定时看补充协议;达不成补充协议的,遵循交易习惯;无习惯可循的,按照承揽合同处理。我国现行法对于次承揽合同设有若干限制,对于不规则承揽也予以了承认。关于工作成果所有权的归属,应当区分类型加以确定,不宜整齐划一。