《劳动合同法》视域下企业劳动规章论

学界将劳动规章性质界分为契约规范说与法律规范说,在评析上述两种学说基础上,将劳动规章的性质界定为劳动软法说。我国劳动规章实然立法模式应界定为软法自治型而应然立法模式则定位于团体协约型。     

法庭论辩的对话框架分析

法庭论辩的对话过程发生在具有观点冲突的双方当事人与调解和判决此冲突的中立的第三方。为了保证论辩能顺利进行,可通过设立对话论辩的条件、论辩规则,从而为当事人双方创造平等诉讼的条件,提供可靠的程序保障。在对话过程中,控辩双方提出主张、反驳、辩护和撤回主张,并且对支持自己的主张或反对对方的主张提出论证,而审方监视双方当事人是否遵守程序规则,通过证据是否被采纳来规定论辩范围、分配举证责任、调整次序和终止论辩。     

政府机构编制管理健全探析

当前政府机构编制管理中出现许多违法现象,给政府机构建设和管理工作带来诸多不良后果。本文分析造成政府机构编制管理现状的原因,在坚持政府机构编制科学化、规范化和法制化管理的基本原则下,提出了健全政府机构编制管理的具体对策。     

公安机关法律文书制作及使用的规范化

法律文书是执法机关执法活动的重要体现和记载。公安机关法律文书制作及使用要求准确认定案件性质,根据案件特点准确、客观、清楚地实记载案件情况,突出重点,按照法定程序正确制作及使用各种文书。这一规范化要求促进了公安执法工作的规范化、制度化,使公安执法行为的监督与考评有了制度的依据和标准,不仅促进民警更加严格的依法办事,同时,对提高公安机关的执法公信力以及提升公安机关的整体形象具有积极的作用。     

Electoral entry and success of ethnic minority parties in central and eastern Europe: A hierarchical selection model

The paper examines determinants of electoral entry and success of ethnic minority parties in central and eastern Europe. The application of a hierarchical selection model shows that the strategic entry of minority parties depends on their expected electoral success due both to observed and unobserved factors. Drawing on formal models of electoral entry, the electoral success of new (or niche) parties is expected to be influenced by the costs of entry (determined by electoral thresholds) and the potential for electoral support. The latter depends on the reactions of political competitors and electoral demand, measured here as the size of ethnic groups and the saliency of ethnic issues. In line with these expectations, parties only run if they can expect electoral support sufficient to pass the electoral threshold. This finding would have been overlooked by a naïve model of electoral success which does not take self-selection into account.     

Frames of Influence: U.S. Environmental Rulemaking Case Studies

The purpose of this article was to question whether interest group actions during the pre‐proposal stage of U.S. federal rulemaking influences the language proposed in natural resource agency rules. The influence of interest groups during this stage was examined across three case studies: (1) the United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) critical habitat designation for Nebraska's Salt Creek tiger beetle, (2) the USFWS critical habitat designation for the Utah/Arizona Shivwits and Holmgren milk vetch, and (3) the USFWS delisting of the Northern Rocky Mountain gray wolf population from the endangered species list. To analyze these three cases, a frame analysis approach is used and offers evidence to support the proposition that the instructive, expertise, and fiscal feasibility frames that stakeholders used during the pre‐proposal stage can shape the language of a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking. These cases suggest the rich potential for careful study of the earliest stages in the regulatory and administrative rulemaking process in the United States and beyond.     

论“两个证据规定”的三大突破与五个局限——以非法言词证据的证据能力为重心

两高三部新近颁布的"两个证据规定"(《关于死刑案件审查判断证据若干问题的规定》与《关于办理刑事案件排除非法证据若干问题的规定》)重申了非法言词证据一般应予排除的原则,修订了非法言词证据的涵义及取证规范,确立了瑕疵证据一般不予排除的操作程式,是我国刑事证据制度改革的突破进展。同时,也存在对严格予以排除的"强制情形"例举不细致,对"诈术情形"的证据效力有待明确,被追诉人口供的排除原理亟需完善,取证禁止规定亟需更高位阶的人权法规范引导,特殊情形下非法言词证据的证据能力仍需补充等五大改革局限。面对这些制度局限,进一步的对策、变革与完善仍值得期待。     

国外低碳壁垒及我国应对的法律思考

20世纪末21世纪初,低碳壁垒逐渐登上历史舞台。低碳壁垒是以碳足迹、碳减排等方式对贸易产品设限而形成的新型隐性技术壁垒,包含碳关税、碳标签、碳补贴、碳标准、生态设计要求等限制或禁止贸易的法律、政策和措施。低碳壁垒可以通过以下两个方式构筑:一是通过国内低碳立法制约他国高碳产品的进口,二是在国际气候谈判中力争制定对自己有利的低碳贸易规则以保护本国市场免受冲击。本文分析了现行国际、国内与之相关的法律制度及其不足,并从产业政策、国内外立法以及行政执法和司法等方面提出了若干建议。     

论用人单位工作规则制度完善及劳动管理法治之实现

工作规则，也就是我们一直所称的“用人单位劳动规章制度”，系达到法定雇用人数之用人单 位依据法定程序制定的“内部规则”。其性质尽管存有多种学说，但其规范性却被理论与实务界所接受。换言 之，它对劳动者和用人单位皆具相应的约束力。工作规则是否完善关涉劳动法是否有效实施，亦可称其为劳动 关系是否和谐的衡量器。《劳动合同法》第 4 条规定了“用人单位劳动规章制度”，但仅仅一个条文不可能将 该项制度应有的内容全部规定其中。我国学界与司法实务对其名称、属性、效力的认知尚处于初级阶段的水准。 劳动者常常被“违反用人单位规章制度”所左右，而制度的边界又模糊不定，执行用人单位规章制度往往成为 管理者的借口和托词。因此，完善工作规则制度，塑造其中法理，是劳动者之劳动能够有章可循、用人单位管 理避免恣意而为的根本所在，亦是创建和谐劳动关系的重要指标所在。     

Balancing district and party seats: The arithmetic of mixed-member proportional electoral systems

Mixed-member proportional electoral systems (MMP) are widely praised because they combine the direct, personal election of MPs from single-seat constituencies with a proportional seat allocation. However, the size of the proportional tier matters for the question of whether the system's overall proportionality is preserved. Hence, a key challenge for constitution-makers and scholars is finding the right balance between district and proportional seats, so as to maximise district representation and guarantee proportional representation.This paper develops the first theoretical model that helps to locate this sweet spot for district and party seats. The novel solution builds on Taagepera's “logical models” about party sizes. The model is tested on 58 national parliamentary elections under MMP rules.