“He's guilty!”: Investigator Bias in Judgments of Truth and Deception

Detecting deception is an inherently difficult task, but one that plays a critical role for law enforcement investigators in the interrogation room. In general, research has failed to indicate that performance in this domain is improved by training or prior experience. A signal detection framework is applied to the paradigm to better conceptualize the influence of these two factors. We found that although neither factor influenced discrimination accuracy, there was an effect on response bias such that training and prior experience appeared to increase the likelihood of responding deceit as opposed to truth. This investigator bias was observed both in a review of the literature and in this study of North American law enforcement investigators who took part in a forensically based deception-detection task. Possible theoretical mechanisms and practical implications of these findings are discussed.     

突发公共事件应急机制:美国的经验及其启示

突发事件应急处理 ,是宪法行政法中的重要内容。美国突发公共事件应急机制中的许多做法 ,如设立专门的应急事务管理总署、制定联邦应急计划以及相关法律、法规等 ,值得我们学习、研究和借鉴。     

用“伯克利观察法”考量法律

本文结合我国法治建设对塞尔兹尼克 ,诺内特“压制”“自治”“回应”三种类型的法进行了评述 ,提出了中国正处于自治型法律建设阶段 ,但同时仍有相当强制型法残余的观点。     

A Measure of Court Response to Requests for Protection

Are male victims of domestic violence provided the same protections as female victims? With increasing entanglement of custody and domestic violence law, the answer to this question is critical for fathers embroiled in disputes where allegations are sometimes made to secure custody of children. All non-impounded requests for Abuse Prevention Orders initiated in Massachusetts’ Gardner District Court, in the year 1997, involving opposite gender litigants were analyzed to determine if court response to the associated allegations is affected by the gender of those litigants. These orders were previously examined and male and female defendants were found similarly abusive. By studying the characteristics of each case, and overall court response at court hearings, a determination is made concerning any evident gender trends in the aggregate court response to requests for protection. Despite gender-neutral language of abuse prevention law (M.G.L. c. 209A), application of that law favors female plaintiffs.     

Exploring the Effects of Changes in Design on the Analytical Uses of the NCVS Data

In 1992 changes were made in the design of the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) to improve its accuracy and utility. Little is known about the effect of the redesign on the analytic uses of the NCVS. This paper examines the effects of the redesign across population subgroups important in analyses of victimization. This extends work on modeling victimization and begins the construction of a measurement model that addresses the reliability and validity of NCVS data across important analytic subgroups. These two goals are interrelated. If the redesign has a differential effect across subgroups, then it is critical to understand whether these effects increase or decrease the validity of the data. Assessing validity requires developing a model of survey response against which the results of the redesign can be compared. If differences across designs are consistent with expectation from the survey response model, then we can use these new data for substantive analyses. The design change had little effect on models of victimization. The effects observed were largely consistent with expectation from a survey response model except in the simple assault model, where the effects of age and income on victimization were reduced in the new design.     

略论突发公共事件应急管理的法制化

现代法治政府应急管理是在应急法制的框架内进行的,应急管理必须有法律依据,依法实施应急措施。将政府应急管理纳入法制化的轨道,是世界各国建立政府应急管理机制普遍遵循的一项原则。法治原则要求形成一套应对各种突发公共事件的法律制度。《突发事件应对法》的出台为我国公共危机管理实行法治确立了法律基础。     

应对重大突发公共卫生事件的敏捷性机制研究——四川省新冠疫情案例

大数据时代,危机背景下的敏捷治理是各国政府面临的热点话题和重要问题。新冠疫情这场公共危机给世界带来了巨大危害和挑战,也为地方政府部门的治理和创新提供了机遇。面对疫情,中国各省政府令行禁止,快速有效地控制了疫情蔓延,体现了特有的"中国速度"。本文以四川省的疫情防控工作为例,通过复盘典型案例揭示了应对重大突发公共卫生事件的敏捷性机制。主要贡献为:(1)将敏捷性的内涵与特点拓展到公共部门的应急管理领域,识别出公共组织敏捷性体现为危机识别、流程以及双元敏捷性;(2)提出危机治理能力和高效的管控方式的动态匹配是获取敏捷性的核心要素,其中危机治理能力是实现敏捷性的基础,高效的管控方式是实现敏捷性的关键手段;(3)归纳了应对重大突发公共卫生事件的敏捷性机制过程模型。本研究结论为各省政府的制度建设以实现敏捷治理提供有益指导,也进一步丰富了地方政府创新的理论基础。     

Digital camera identification using PRNU: A feature based approach

Source camera identification is one of the emerging field in digital image forensics, which aims at identifying the source camera used for capturing the given image. The technique uses photo response non-uniformity (PRNU) noise as a camera fingerprint, as it is found to be one of the unique characteristic which is capable of distinguishing the images even if they are captured from similar cameras. Most of the existing PRNU based approaches are very sensitive to the random noise components existing in the estimated PRNU, and also they are not robust when some simple manipulations are performed on the images. Hence a new feature based approach of PRNU is proposed for the source camera identification by choosing the features which are robust for image manipulations. The PRNU noise is extracted from the images using wavelet based denoising method and is represented by higher order wavelet statistics (HOWS), which are invariant features for image manipulations and geometric variations. The features are fed to support vector machine classifiers to identify the originating source camera for the given image and the results have been verified by performing ten-fold cross validation technique. The experiments have been carried out using the images captured from various cell phone cameras and it demonstrated that the proposed algorithm is capable of identifying the source camera of the given image with good accuracy. The developed technique can be used for differentiating the images, even if they are captured from similar cameras, which belongs to same make and model. The analysis have also showed that the proposed technique remains robust even if the images are subjected to simple manipulations or geometric variations.     

Maltreated Children and Their Families in Juvenile Dependency Court II: Maltreatment Recidivism

The most serious maltreatment cases are referred to Juvenile Dependency Court. Eighty-eight court records were coded for factors related to maltreatment recidivism, including prior involvement histories, differential response, and placement changes. Seventy-two percent of caregivers had previous involvement, which correlated with family size and number of presenting concerns. When caregivers were offered voluntary services previously, 15% were completed. Children of substance-abusing caregivers were more likely to have prior involvement with the system. On average, children experienced four placement changes. Almost half of children reunified with caregivers had to be removed by the court. Recommendations and future directions are discussed.     

我国城市突发事件应急联动模式探讨

建立适合中国国情的应急联动模式是快速、高效地应对各类突发事件的重要手段。基于此,本文首先比较了目前美国、日本与中国的应急联动系统管理支撑体系,从中探究了支撑应急联动系统有效运作的相关因素(即应急联动管理支撑体系)和各类应急联动模式。而后坚持应急联动模式与应急联动管理支撑体系相适应的原则,构建了适应我国实际国情的协同式应急联动模型,这对新时期我国应对城市突发事件具有一定的指导意义。