完善我国海洋环境突发事件应急联动机制的对策建议

近年来,我国海上石油勘探开发溢油事件、海上船舶和港口污染事件、浒苔和赤潮等海洋灾害事件频发,给我国经济、社会和人民利益带来了巨大损失。目前我国海洋环境突发事件应急联动机制还不完善,具体表现在：组织体系上,条块分割,部门之间横向联动滞后;领导体制上,权限交叉,职责不明;技术手段上,海洋监测设施建设薄弱,综合应急指挥平台建设滞后。因此提出了以下措施：完善组织机构,加强横向部门之间的沟通与合作;明确海洋环境突发事件领导主体,划清管理权限,做到职责分明;加强海洋应急信息系统建设,建立信息技术指挥平台。     

生命科技的最新发展与侵权责任法的制度回应

现代生命科技的发展给相对稳定的侵权责任法一个继续发展的强大策动力,而侵权责任法在这次发展中也表现了以下两种趋势：一是所保护的“法益”多样化;二是归责原则的客观化即过错推定的广泛适用、无过错责任扩大其适用范围、过错本身的客观化。其原因是在基因技术、生育控制和人体试验等现代生命科技领域存在信息不对称,人体试验等还具有高度危险性,而且生命科技侵权的绝大部分是由未尽合理注意义务造成的。     

电力系统应急管理机制研究

电力系统事关社会公共安全,一旦出现问题需要快速反应机制。通过分析电力系统突发事件的特点与原因,按照应急管理原理,借鉴国外电力系统在应急处理方面的丰富经验,对电力系统应急管理机制进行了探讨。     

服刑人员心理健康状况及其与社会支持、应对方式的关系

服刑人员的心理问题明显比普通人严重;服刑人员获得的总体社会支持显著地低于普通人;服刑人员比普通人的特质应对显著地更积极;服刑人员心理健康状况与领悟社会支持显著负相关;服刑人员心理健康状况与特质应对方式显著正相关;领悟社会支持与特质应对方式显著负相关。有无职业的服刑人员在心理健康状况、应对方式上存在显著差异,不同婚姻状况的服刑人员在领悟社会支持和应对方式上存在显著差异。不同年龄的服刑人员在社会支持上相关显著,不同年龄的服刑人员与积极应对负相关。     

Winning at the polls and in the polls: the incumbency advantage in surveys of U.S. house voters

The success of House incumbents at the polls is well known and has been studied extensively. This paper focuses on the incumbents' success in the polls: the support bestowed upon incumbents by survey respondents is substantially higher than that received from the voters. The incumbency advantage at the polls, estimated at about 10% in the most recent elections, is almost doubled when measured in the polls. The data, drawn from the 1982–1996 National Election Studies, show that respondents do not reward all winners; candidates elected to open seats have not benefitted from the kind of bounce consistently enjoyed by winning incumbents. In addition, the pattern of respondents' misreports appears to be inconsistent with earlier explanations based on instrument effects. Respondent bias should be accounted for in order to reach correct estimates of the incumbency advantage in individual-level data.     

从善治的视角强化政府回应

在日趋信息化、透明化的时代,政府的回应行为对于树立政府形象显得越来越重要。政府不积极回应势必会给社会、公民带来不理解甚至激烈对抗,使得政府在市场经济中也难以发挥主导作用。本文从善治理论入手,采用实证的方法,探讨树立一种新型政府形象的行为之一就是强化政府回应。     

猪流行性腹泻和传染性胃肠炎弱毒二联疫苗免疫抗体应答的研究

用猪流行性腹泻 (PED)和传染性胃肠炎 (TGE)弱毒二联疫苗 (下称二联苗 )免疫PED和TGE抗体阴性的妊娠母猪 ,仔猪出生后第 7、14、2 1和 2 8d抽取仔猪血样用微量血清中和试验检测血清抗体。结果 ,免疫母猪所产仔猪通过哺乳获得了相当高的血清抗体 ,在出生后第 7d时接近母体的中和抗体水平 ,并随日龄增大而下降。二联苗免疫母猪所生仔猪和相同株的PED、TGE疫苗株免疫母猪所生仔猪的血清抗体变化基本相似。用二联苗免疫PED和TGE抗体阴性的 10日龄仔猪 ,并于免疫后以 7d的间隔 ( 1月龄内 )或半月 ( 1月龄后 )间隔采取血样进行血清抗体检测。结果 ,用二联苗免疫抗体阴性的 10日龄仔猪 ,抗体在免疫后第 2 1d(TGE)或第 2 8d(PED)达到最高值 ,但抗体下降缓慢 ,在免疫后第 5月 ,免疫猪血清中仍能检测出抗体。相同弱毒株的PED和TGE疫苗免疫组的结果与之基本相同。提示 ,PED和TGE弱毒株联合免疫在诱导妊娠母猪和小猪产生抗体以及母猪产后向哺乳仔猪传递抗体方面未见有相互影响的现象。     

Victim's perceptions of initial police responses to robbery and aggravated assault: Does race matter?

Despite the fact that police officers are usually the first persons within the criminal justice system to respond to a criminal victimization, the majority of research investigating racial discrimination within the system has examined primarily the effects of race on adjudication outcomes which occur after initial police interventions, such as conviction decisions and sentences. Very little empirical effort has been devoted to examining the effects of race on early police responses to a reported victimization. Using data from the National Crime Victimization Survey from 1987 to 1992, this paper investigates the effects of both the victim's and the offender's race on three police responses to robbery and aggravated assault: (1) police response time to the scene, (2) effort exerted by the police at the scene, and (3) likelihood of arrest. It was found that police were quicker to respond and also exerted more effort at the scene such as searching and taking evidence to incidents of black on white robbery compared to all other racial dyads. This relationship held even after controlling for other factors such as victim-offender relationship, poverty, injury to the victim, and victim's gender. No significant effects of race, however, were found when predicting the probability of arrest in cases of robbery. The effects of race on police responses to aggravated assault were more complicated. For assaults involving strangers, police were significantly more likely to exert additional effort at the scene if the victim was white and the offender was perceived to be black. This effect was reversed, however, for nonstranger assault victimizations. Police were significantlyless likely to exert effort at the scene or to make an arrest in black on white assaults involving nonstrangers. The most consistent predictors of arrest in both stranger and nonstranger assault victimizations were police response time, injury to the victim, and the incident occurring in a public setting.     

突发公共事件应急管理研究中的重要科学问题

当今,各类突发公共事件已成为构建和谐社会的重要隐患,引起了社会各界的广泛关注.认为,加强突发公共事件应急管理中的科学问题研究是我国社会经济发展过程中产生的重大现实需求,对于建立和发展富有中国特色的应急管理理论以及相应的学科体系具有重要的科学意义;在此基础上,将突发公共事件应急管理中的科学问题归纳为突发公共事件应急管理体系建设战略研究、典型突发公共事件危机/灾害的机理机制研究、突发公共事件的监测预警研究、应急资源管理理论与技术研究、突发公共事件的认知与决策行为研究、突发公共事件的模拟仿真研究、突发公共事件的应急管理系统研究以及突发公共事件的后评估与重建研究,并对其研究现状和发展趋势进行了扼要的回顾和展望;最后建议国家有关部门设立重大研究计划以便加强研究力度,并就如何提炼和组织其中的科学问题提出了一些建议,可为我国开展突发公共事件应急管理中的科学问题研究提供参考.     

应急管理体系及其业务流程研究

减少突发公共事件带来的损失,实现快速有效的应急管理已经成为各国、各级政府部门的一项重要工作,也是国内外学者研究的一个热点.而建设完善的国家突发公共事件应急管理体系,目前也已经成为我国迫切需要研究的课题.基于国内外应急管理体系建设现状,综述了各国在应急管理体系建设方面取得的主要成果,分析了我国应急管理体系中存在的一些问题.通过抽象和梳理应急管理体系的基本业务,给出了基本业务流程,并以国家安全生产应急管理的业务为例分析了微观层面的应急管理业务流程,给出了一个具有一定代表性的业务流程分析案例.最后对应急管理体系建设的工作重点进行了分析与展望.