民营化:消防管理体制改革的一种路径

城乡二元对立结构基础上的乡村巨变、消防事务治理结构内在的可分解性以及公共部门消防服务供给能力的不足,使得消防事务的民营化具有客观必要性。我国消防服务民营化改革宜采取通行的合同承包方式,通过委托民营部门生产部分消防服务实现,政府角色向事前决策者和事后监管者的嬗变,从而在维系政府公共责任的前提下向全社会公平地供给消防服务。     

构建中心城区社区消防管理体系的思考

大城市的中心城区往往火灾多发,是消防管理中的薄弱环节。因此,加强社区消防管理,依靠全社会的力量,构建与中心城区特点相适应的社会消防管理体系,在当前显得十分重要和迫切。     

The influence of the type of accelerant, type of burned material, time of burning and availability of air on the possibility of detection of accelerants traces

The presented research consisted in a series of field experiments and laboratory analyses of obtained samples. Their aim was to investigate how different factors influence the possibility of identification of accelerant traces in conditions that are as similar as possible to those of real fires. The studied factors were: type of burned material, type of accelerant, length of time between lighting and extinguishing of fire and the air availability level. The obtained results show that, among investigated factors, the type of burned material has the greatest influence. The other factors, with regard to their influence, could be ranked in descending order as follows: ‘other’ (hard to determine and regulate factors), type of accelerant, time of burning and air availability. ‘Other’ factors include arrangement of the burned material and dispersion of the accelerant.     

The forensic examination of structural fires in Victoria,Australia: Decision-making processes and impact on judicial outcomes

There is a body of published research that has evaluated the contribution of forensic science to the criminal justice system, but many disciplines of forensic science remain unexplored in this regard. The aim of this study was to examine the contribution that forensic fire examination services provide to criminal investigations and court processes in arson cases. Forensic fire examination services differ in a number of ways to the disciplines covered in previous research on the impact of forensic evidence on justice outcomes. Forensic fire examinations involve a combination of scene examination and laboratory analyses, and the results can provide critical evidence of whether an incident that has occurred is a criminal offence (i.e. whether a fire has occurred as the result of an act of arson). Forensic fire examination is also a discipline that has faced challenges and undergone development in recent decades regarding its scientific basis and the issue of contextual bias. In this study, data were collated for 273 structural fires that were examined by the forensic fire services in Victoria, Australia. In this jurisdiction, scene and laboratory forensic services are delivered within short time frames with a focus on providing impartial scientific and investigative services to assist criminal investigations conducted by police. The current dataset was highly skewed in terms of criminal justice outcomes and was not suitable for conducting the planned statistical analyses. Nonetheless, the pattern of findings obtained suggested that the inclusion of forensic evidence which supported the prosecution of arson may be associated with an increased likelihood of suspects being charged and defendants found guilty. Examination of the decision-making process of the forensic fire examiners has provided insight into the variety of evidence that is considered by forensic experts in reaching the important conclusion about the origin and cause of structural fires.     

警察开枪射击的适法情形与最小武力原则——德国的制度逻辑与借鉴意义

何时开枪、开枪限度如何是警察枪支使用制度中的核心议题。对此,德国法不仅通过“开枪目的”和“行为罪质”(重罪或轻罪)来限定准许开枪的适法情形,还根据射击动作的各个环节动态地分解最小武力原则。德国制度设计的内在机理为解决我国警察实践中不敢用枪、过度用枪问题提供了有力的理论支撑。其一,《人民警察使用警械和武器条例》第9条列举的14种开枪适法情形应在与刑法关联的意义上理解,即应将相对应的犯罪构成要件导入到枪械使用的要件判断中去。其二,可以开枪的适法情形包括但不限于上述《人民警察使用警械和武器条例》第9条明文例举的14种情形。根据立法者本意,该条兜底条款“法律、行政法规规定可以使用武器的其他情形”,是指所有为《刑法》所规定,最低刑在3年以上的犯罪。其三,中德制度之比较为全面理解我国落实最小武力原则的相关制度以及多个关键的不确定法律概念提供了广阔视角与智识资源。     

From Brigade to Service: An Examination of the Role of Fire and Rescue Services in Modern Local Government

Over the last ten years, local government modernisation and the growth of community safety agendas have called for change in the public sector at a local level. This has been typified by partnership work, improvement and inspection and community governance. The fire and rescue services, despite some initial cultural difficulties, haveworked hard to adapt themselves to modern local government, for example through community fire safety work, which is presented as a case study. However, the culmination of the modernisation project, Comprehensive Area Assessment, does not favour the fire and rescue service, and to an extent excludes them from its formula. In this light, it seems that there is little incentive for the Fire Service to continue its modernising trajectory.     

防火墙技术分析

Internet的迅速发展给现代人的生产和生活都带来了前所未有的飞跃,大大提高了工作效率,丰富了人们的生活,弥补了人们的精神空缺;而与此同时给人们带来了一个日益严峻的问题——网络安全。网络的安全性成为当今最热门的话题之一,很多企业为了保障自身服务器或数据安全都采用了防火墙。随着科技的发展,防火墙也逐渐被大众所接受。本文阐述了防火墙工作的方式,以及防火墙的基本分类,并且讨论了每一种防火墙的优缺点。     

公安消防队灭火行为的法律属性及对诉讼风险的规避

近年来,消防灭火涉诉案件有逐年增多的趋势,从而引发了对公安消防队灭火行为的性质的争议。公安消防队的灭火行为应属于行政行为。公安消防机构不应回避被诉的事实,而应有规避诉讼风险的意识和策略。     

做好消防行政案件法律审核工作的思考

随着新修订的《中华人民共和国消防法》的颁布,对促进公正、严格、文明、高效执法提出了更新、更高的要求。法律审核制度正是加强和规范内部执法监督工作,保障各项监督执法活动合法、规范的必要手段。笔者结合昆明市消防监督执法办案工作的实际及日常法律审核工作,就如何做好行政处罚案件的法律审核工作提出几点思考。     

浅议公安派出所的消防监督检查职能

《消防法》第五十三条规定了公安派出所的消防监督检查职能。因存在思想认识不足、制度激励不足、资源配置不足、知识供给不足等原因,公安派出所履行消防监督检查职能的现状不容乐观。因此,必须采取有力措施,促使公安派出所切实履行法律所赋予的消防监督检查职能。