不真正连带债务理论的反思与更新

不真正连带债务理论的精髓在于其区分规制思想。该思想始终围绕着多数债务之间的“同一性”展开。各国理论上对不真正连带债务学说的质疑和批评无法否定其区分规制思想尤其是新的层次划分学说的合理性。我国审判实践经验与层次划分学说的高度契合性亦说明该区分学说具有相当的实践基础。与此同时，一种包括不真正连带债务在内的宽泛统一的连带性学说也日益成为各国理论发展的趋势。应当积极促成二者的融合，在宽泛统一的连带性模式下，以层次划分学说为核心来更新和完善传统的区分规制方案。多数情况下应当根据各个债因的主客观因素并结合法律政策和社会伦理，综合考量多数债务人是否处于同一层次。此外，在不真正连带债务的判决和执行环节可以适当借鉴补充性的顺位规则。     

消除多头重复鉴定的一些设想——从两份鉴定意见谈司法会计鉴定的规范问题

近年来,因司法会计鉴定过错而使经济犯罪案件错审、错判、久审不决、超过诉讼期限审判的现象越来越多,严重地影响了司法的公正性和严肃性。以两份金额差异3千多万元的鉴定意见为例,分析当前司法会计鉴定的现状,并对规范司法会计鉴定体系提出一些设想。     

The ethics of promulgating principles of research ethics: the problem of diversion effects

There is an important distinction between ethical standards for the conduct of research with human subjects and the ethics of promulgating principles of research ethics. Those who promulgate ethical standards for the conduct of research have an ethical responsibility to consider the consequences to which those promulgations give rise. In particular, they must consider whether their promulgations will give researchers incentives not to conduct research or not to conduct research in locales in which participants would benefit from participation. I first show how such ‘diversion effects’ are possible and then examine four principles of research ethics in that light. I then consider several objections to the argument that those who promulgate principles of research ethics should consider diversion effects.     

证券式众筹：监管趋势与法律进路

证券式众筹虽为一种新型的互联网融资方式,但仍具有集资性和公众性的双重特点,这表明证券式众筹可能面临擅自发行和欺诈发行证券的风险,故有必要对其进行监管。较之于传统公开发行,域外立法已创新证券式众筹监管理念,并作出相应的制度设计,其监管重点已单纯从发行人信息披露、投资者适当向兼顾投融资限额、投资权利维护转变以及强化中介机构在证券式众筹监管中的作用,此举或许可为我国证券式众筹合法化及其监管制度的确立提供有效借鉴。须创新证券式众筹的监管理念,并分别从发行人、中介机构资格与义务设定以及投资者权利的直接维护来确立证券式众筹监管的法律进路。     

Regulatory capabilities: A normative framework for assessing the distributional effects of regulation

This paper develops the normative concept of “regulatory capabilities.” It asserts that nobody – individuals, groups, or entities – should be subjected to a regulatory regime without some freedom to determine its nature. Self‐determination in this context means the ability to accept or reject a regulatory regime imposed by others or to develop viable alternative approaches. We use the term “regulatory capabilities” to capture the importance of enabling conditions for regulatory self‐determination. This is particularly important in the transnational context where private, hybrid public–private, and public actors compete for influence, shape domestic regulation, and, in doing so, limit the scope for democratic self‐governance. In short, this paper seeks to contribute to the general debate on the normative foundations of and the requisite conditions for transnational regulation and governance.     

The unstable core of global finance: Contingent valuation and governance of international accounting standards

Accounting standards are the foundations of the financial regulatory edifice, and global financial governance is no more stable than the asset valuations that feed it. Yet for two decades and up to this day, no international accounting rule for financial instruments – the bulk of banks' balance sheets – has emerged that was more than a temporary fix, to be succeeded by further reforms. We show how banking regulators have been central to this dynamic and how their support for applying fair value accounting to financial instruments, the cornerstone of regulatory debate, has oscillated throughout the whole period. The two common international political economy approaches to global financial governance, which analyze it either as interest‐based bargaining or as ideas‐driven expert governance, fail to account for this pattern. In contrast, we show how the contingency of financial valuations itself has made it impossible for regulators to embrace or reject a stable set of accounting rules.     

Innovation and public space: The developmental possibilities of regulation in the global south

Important product and process innovations are often developed in “public spaces” that promote collaboration and provide shelter from market competition. Given that most collaborative spaces are costly to establish, the possible implications are bleak for economically strapped developing countries. This paper highlights a less conspicuous – if not unknown – source of collaborative space: the regulatory process. Regulators can induce innovation by promoting collaboration across organizational, sectoral, and disciplinary boundaries in the interest of regulatory compliance. This paper documents the innovative consequences of efforts to regulate the use of lead‐based glazes in the Mexican ceramics industry and reconsiders several recent studies of upgrading in other countries that appear to have been driven, at least in part, by the regulatory process. Drawing on these cases, this paper makes four primary points: (i) that innovation in regulatory spaces is more common than previously acknowledged and is producing meaningful improvements in product quality and working conditions in developing economies; (ii) that promoting innovation in these regulatory spaces is an important developmental tool for countries that are “regulation‐takers” and have many low‐tech sectors; (iii) that this dynamic extends current conceptions of regulatory discretion, as well as development literature on state‐society synergies; and (iv) that establishing collaborative public spaces as a common conceptual framework is a critical step toward understanding the consequences of social regulation on upgrading.     

Jurisprudential Foundation of the Alogithmic Enforcement and Regulation of Law in an Intelligent Society: Taking the Automated Copyright Infringement Monitoring of the Online Content Sharing Platform as an Example

As cyber-space has become increasingly important for human activities, and intelligent algorithms are widely used in cyber-space, we are rapidly entering an intelligent society. Now, algorithmic enforcement and regulations of law have posed non-negligible issues. As algorithmic enforcement of copyright law was introduced earlier than that of other laws, it provides a helpful observation perspective. The worldwide practice of copyright enforcement has gradually departed from traditional “safe harbor provisions, ” and has emphasized prior examination of shared contents uploaded by Internet service providers’ (ISPs) users through the following three dimensions: automated infringement detection algorithms voluntarily used by the ISPs, heavier judicial liability of ISPs, and updated legislation principles. Thus, innovations and development have stimulated new mechanisms and regulations for enforcing copyright in cyberspace. Algorithmic enforcement of copyright law in an intelligent society is essential and meaningful. The copyright regulation mechanisms should be guided by jurisprudential principles and concepts featuring the principles of (a) legitimate and efficient flow of information, (b) balance between and among algorithmic power, public power and private rights, (c) boosting the sharing economy and the new gig economy, and (d) promoting social governance philosophy of “coconstruction, co-governance and sharing.” These principles are meaningful for creation of a new mechanism for balancing interests between ISPs and their users, and for introducing the pluralistic co-governance mechanism beyond simply practicing “filtering obligations.” In addition, these principles are significant for improving a certification with credibility of copyright status and ownership, and for advancing a mechanism for online collegiate-panel dispute resolution.     

非标准趋势下劳动关系法律调整的新思路

劳动关系的非标准化在我国作为一种趋势,已经广泛地出现在实践中。非标准劳动关系具有区别于传统劳动关系的复杂样态,传统的劳动法理论以及劳动法调整方式的适用在非标准劳动关系领域出现困境。因此有必要针对它们的灵活性和复杂性转变调整思路。     

中国保安业在个体安全保障机制中的法律规范与政策分析

保安业作为以市场化方式运作的维护安全的产业,其服务对象包括公共安全和个体安全,它的业务开展与安全需求是市场供需关系的体现.伴随着我国社会结构的转型,个体的安全需求量不断膨胀且需求内容不断翻新,保安业的法律规范和政策也随之不断演变.要建立完善的个体安全保障机制,必须对现有法律规范和政策规定进行分析,明晰未来的走向,才能促进保安业的健康有序发展.