The true servant: Self-definition of male domestics in an Italian city (Bologna, 17th–19th centuries)

Some historians have classed as servants only people living with their masters; some have excluded farm servants; some have included married domestics living with their own families. The archive of the Bolognese Confraternity of San Vitale, also known as Università dei Servitori, is analyzed in this article to show how one group of servants defined a “true” servant. Their solution was to exclude from their association people who performed what they deemed “filthy” tasks. They also excluded women, giving us a particular insight in the history of gender and masculinity. In their view, the “true” servants were bourgeois (and locally born) men rather than lower class (migrant) women who are often identified as the stereotypical servants. Moreover, most members of the association were married, they had their own families in Bologna and did not always live with their masters. This makes possible the analysis of married male servants living with their own families, a category of servant that has received less attention than life-cycle servants.     

效率和公平——论我国个人所得税法修改的原则性方向

个人所得税法是一部直接与千家万户切身利益相关的法律,应体现效率和公平原则。我国现行个人所得税法尚存在效率不高和公平缺失的现象。应借鉴国外相关税法改革的经验,本着提高税收效率、公平调节社会财富分配的原则加以修订。     

论权利冲突——从法社会学视角的切入

首先从案例入手提出权利冲突问题,并阐述了权利冲突的概念。从法社会学的角度综合分析了权利冲突问题存在的原因及其本质,从立法和司法两方面提出解决此问题的方法。最后指出权利冲突问题的解决关系到和谐社会的构建,具有重要意义。     

论刑法分则中的法定拟制

在我国刑法分则中，有一部分属于拟制条款。本文对刑法之所以规定拟制条款的原因、拟制条款蕴涵的消极因素以及如何规范和使用拟制条款等问题进行了相应的分析和论证。     

THE YOUTH CRIMINAL JUSTICE ACT

In April 2003, the face of Canada's youth criminal justice system changed considerably. The Young Offenders Act (YOA) was repealed and the substitute legislation, the principle-laden Youth Criminal Justice Act (YCJA), came into effect. It is not an entirely new act but was designed to build on the strengths of the YOA and address its weaknesses. The biggest criticism of the YOA was its lack of clear legislative direction; through the numerous principles and additional provisions, the YCJA proposes a remedy. The focus of this article is on two areas of the Act in particular, extrajudicial measures and sentencing, as these areas experienced the most change in the process of reforming the legislation. Specifically, these sections of the Act are analyzed in relation to four of the perceived problems under the YOA, all of which tie into the lack of clear legislative direction. If the provisions contained in these segments of the YCJA are adhered to in the manner and sentiment intended and if the principles are made a priority, then 1) the rate of youth incarceration in Canada should decrease, 2) the courts should no longer be overused, 3) there should be proper distinction between various degrees of seriousness of crimes, and 4) there should be more consistency in youth sentences across the country.     

物质主义、社会联系与生命意义的权衡——大学生价值观标准的社会性别差异

本文以"新时期中国妇女社会地位调查研究"之"女大学生群体调查"的数据为样本,采用了结构方程的方法,探究了男女大学生在成功评价标准上的社会性别差异。研究发现:当评价对象为男性时,男性应答者更多地强调生活富足、身居要职等"物质主义"因子;而当评价对象为女性时,女性更多地强调"社会联系"和"生命意义"因子;研究继而通过引入"社会支持"因子和"社会性别观"因子作为控制变量来说明:这一性别差异并非"本质主义"的,而是在社会处境与性别观念的影响下出现的。     

我国公共财政管理中的福利经济学视角

福利经济学既是对经济因素如何影响社会福利进行分析的实证经济学,又是对某些政策措施是否应当被采纳的规范经济分析。它的一些思想对于完善我国公共财政管理具有重要的启发意义。     

扩大教育面 缩小司法面──未成年人犯罪的刑事政策探讨

对未成年犯坚持“教育、挽救、感化”是我国的一贯刑事政策,但在实际执行中存在着偏差。应当制订具体的处理未成年人犯罪的刑事政策,其内容包括：对未成年人犯罪实行最小量化;限制逮捕等强制措施的适用;充分运用不起诉制度;应最大限度避免监禁,借鉴国外的缓刑措施等。     

论宽严相济的刑事政策

一项刑事政策的提出,重在对其含义的理解和解释,只有运用正确的方法和思路来理解和解释,才能挖掘出刑事政策的全部内涵,理解和解释刑事政策应当遵循宏观把握、回顾历史、结合实际和立足长远的原则,具体到理解宽严相济的刑事政策时,不能对"宽"和"严"做过于狭隘的解释,应当扩大"宽"和"严"在使用语境上的含义,将"宽"和"严"放到整个刑事立法和司法中来分析,而且,"宽严相济"在语义上的要点应当在"济",要重视对"济"的理解。