多式联运：关于当代法律的评论

德国运输法的改革法案于 1998年 7月 1日生效。新法最主要的变化是为国内的各种货物运输方式 ,包括公路、铁路、内水和航空运输 ,制定了一套相同的法律规则 ,同时第一次为多式联运制定了规则。本文主要以德国法为对象 ,同时比较中国、荷兰和法国法 ,论述多式联运合同的定义 ,适用法律 ,责任限制等问题。     

Validation of the Short Amplicon Multiplex Q8 Including the German DNA Database Systems*

Abstract: We have developed a concept to enable the analyzing of degraded stains with limited DNA template quantity. Therefore we have constructed a short tandem repeat (STR) multiplex including the German DNA database systems (Q8). The amplicon lengths are smaller than 280 bp. For the validation of Q8 over 50 degraded samples were investigated. Amplifications were performed with “low copy number” PCR, the number of PCR cycles was increased to 33 and the reaction volume was decreased to 12.5 μL. Compared with the MPX2 and Nonaplex kit, the average success rate was increased using the Q8 kit by approximately 20% and 30%, respectively. The efficiency of a sensitive STR multiplex with reduced amplicon lengths was confirmed in comparing the success rates of Q8 for typing degraded samples and samples with limited amount of DNA template while partial profiles were observed with the majority of the samples using commercially available kits.     

德国患者权益新立法的主要内容和启示

《德国患者权益改善法》是德国针对患者权益保障的最新立法成果，该法的主要内容是对德国传统判例法的归纳总结，将判例法确立的重要制度吸收到了《德国民法典》中，包括医疗合同的性质、医方的主要义务，尤其是明确了医疗纠纷案件中的举证责任分配制度。     

重新解读《费尔巴哈和德国古典哲学的终结》

《路德维希·费尔巴哈和德国古典哲学的终结》是马克思主义创始人的基本著作之一，具有重要的理论价值和现实意义，是中共中央党校学习马克思主义经典著作的必修课。鉴于讲授和解读中存在的误解和偏差，为了做到原原本本地领会这篇著作的基本精神，突出重点地把握其中的主要观点，使其真正成为我们党的指导思想的理论基础，有必要在深入研究的基础上重新解读。这篇著作的核心是阐明哲学的终结和与之相对立的马克思唯物主义历史观的确立，学习的主要目的在于掌握唯物主义历史观及其辩证法的一般规律，为系统学习马克思主义奠定科学的世界观和思维方法。     

从异化劳动的扬弃到生产、交往的普遍发展——论共产主义实现的基础

在马克思主义的经典著作之中,共产主义思想是一个重要的组成部分。《1844年经济学哲学手稿》与《德意志意识形态》分别以异化劳动理论和唯物史观为基础,对共产主义理论进行阐述和论证。马克思与恩格斯对于共产主义的认识,在《政治经济学批判大纲》中已有论及,之后又经历了从对异化劳动的扬弃到生产、交往的普遍发展这样一个动态转变的过程。这样的转变使二人确立了唯物史观,转为科学共产主义者,也深化了人们对于共产主义的认识。     

论情报主导警务中的警务参谋制度构建--源于德军参谋部建设经验的启示

考察德军参谋部建设历史,其成功经验在于：一是建立专门独立的辅助决策机构;二是坚持以科学理论指导实践;三是以数学为主要手段确保情报分析高效科学;四是以实证方法确保理论和实践统一;五是及时推广应用新的科学技术;六是打造知识化、专业化参谋队伍。我国公安机关应借鉴德军参谋部建设之经验,在情报主导警务机制建设中,以规范的组织体制、科学的工作理念及专业化的参谋队伍为主题,构建警务参谋制度,完善辅助决策机制,提升警务决策科学化水平。     

The Baltic Question in West German Politics, 1949–90

While previous research by international lawyers has emphasized Bonn's value-neutral legalistic approach to the Baltic question from 1949 to 1990, this article–based on documents from the German Foreign Ministry archives–shows that the West Germans saw the Baltic issue as a political problem that interfered with their highest national aim: German unification. It addresses the following questions: first, why Bonn never made an official announcement of, and never publicly gave a justification for, its stance on the Baltic question; and second, why Bonn granted Baltic refugees the same rights that it offered other Heimat-less foreigners, whereas the remnants of Baltic diplomatic services or self-proclaimed exile governments found no official recognition in Germany. Finally, it comments on the role of the so-called German Balts in West German politics, and in Bonn's Baltic policies specifically.     

Civil Associations in Mandatory Haifa: A New Perspective on Palestinian-Arab Political Life

The article explores the potential of local civil associations for the study of power relations within Palestinian society during the Mandate. It argues that civil associations substituted political institutions and procedures serving functions that, in a sovereign state, would have been fulfilled by governmental authorities. Civil society organizations enabled democratic elections, mobilizing popular support and the establishment of hegemonic structures. The discussion begins with a survey of organizations that may have inspired Palestinian civil associations, and then considers the rise of mass politics in Ottoman provinces and its consequences for civil associations. By examining two Arab civil associations established in Haifa during the British Mandate, the article shows how this framework served the political aspirations of individuals and groups from various social strata.     

Allocative or Distributive Aims of Income Taxation?

Relations of income tax legislation and economic development are traditional subjects of German public finance. Reginald Hansen's book (1996) on practical consequences of the “Methodenstreit” for income taxation is considered under three aspects: history of economic thought, tax-systems and aims of income taxation. The introduction is followed by four paragraphs: 1. Long-term views of income taxation, 2. Reginald Hansen's comments on income taxation in Germany, 3. From Schmoller and Wagner to the modern German type of income taxation, 4. “Ability to pay,” “Pay as you use” or what else? The article demonstrates progressive and restrictive results of the long-term view focusing on the evaluation of income taxation principles.