From intergovernmental to global: UNESCO’s response to globalization

Whilst there is an ever-growing literature on the economic and political aspects of ‘globalization,’ at present there are few studies analyzing how intergovernmental organizations have reacted to this phenomenon. This article aims to fill this gap by analyzing the response to globalization of UNESCO, one of the least studied organizations of the UN constellation. Addressing the global orientation of some of the current programs, this article shows how a recent re-evaluation of scientific humanism—the main philosophical framework contributing to the creation of UNESCO—has influenced both UNESCO’s self-understanding and its understanding of globalization. Scientific humanism is a philosophical utopia that couples the advance of scientific knowledge with the diffusion of a common philosophical framework and promotes a universal system of education in order to establish a global community. Based on the philosophical appeal of a culture of peace based on science, humanism and human rights, UNESCO’s representation of globalization represents an intriguing example of how our global future may be conceived and, to some extent, realized.

补阳还五汤对全脑缺血模型大鼠再灌注不同时点皮质神经细胞钙超载的影响

目的:采用膜片钳技术和离子图像分析技术,同步观察补阳还五汤预干预对全脑缺血大鼠皮质神经细胞L型Ca2 通道及细胞内Ca2 浓度的影响,探讨Ca2 信号异常参与缺血性神经细胞损伤的机制及补阳还五汤抗脑缺血的分子机制,为临床应用本方防治缺血性脑病提供理论基础,并为中药复方研究探索新的思路和方法.方法:参照改良的Pulsinelli四血管闭塞法复制全脑缺血大鼠模型,缺血后大鼠分别在存活2,2,4,8及72 h后进行皮质神经细胞急性分离,负载荧光指示剂Fura-2/AM,用钙离子成像系统检测单个神经细胞内Ca2 浓度.单通道电流经EPC-9膜片钳放大器放大,用Pulsefit Pulse采集至计算机.用分析软件TAC进行测量.结果:补阳还五汤预干预除再灌注12 h外,可显著降低其他各时点大脑皮质神经细胞内Ca2 浓度,对缺血再灌后两次Ca2 堆积均表现明显的抑制作用.补阳还五汤再灌注72 h,皮质神经细胞L型Ca2 通道平均开放时间显著降低,再灌注2 h,皮质神经细胞L型Ca2 通道开放概率显著降低.结论:降低缺血再灌注不同时点皮质神经细胞内Ca2 浓度及在缺血再灌注不同时点分别降低L型Ca2 通道开放概率和开放时间是补阳还五汤抗脑缺血的重要机制.补阳还五汤预干预对缺血性神经细胞损伤的预防和治疗有非常积极的意义.     

China and UN environmental policy: institutional growth,learning and implementation

The focus of this article is on whether, and to what extent, the major UN bodies for environmental issues—the United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP), the Commission for Sustainable Development (CSD), and the Global Environmental Facility (GEF)—have had any impact upon how China addresses and approaches its environmental issues. The UN bodies seem to have had some degree of day-to-day influence in a range of fields. UNEP has provided assistance in terms of policy formulation, technical assistance, training of personnel, public awareness and networking. The CSD seems to have made fewer practical and concrete contributions to China’s environmental policies; it serves as an arena for learning and discussion of environmental issues, rather than as a body for policy implementation. The GEF, on the other hand, has been an important source for the implementation of environmental policies in China. As to China’s contribution to environmental issues on the global arena, China does not seem to give priority to the international level of environmental policies. It is an active participant and stakeholder in international bodies such as UNEP and the CSD, but it is currently not providing any leadership. This is in clear contrast to domestic policy, where environmental issues are becoming increasingly important, attracting the attention of the media, policy-makers and the public. The article concludes that should this trend consolidate, establishing the management of the environment and natural resources as major issues in Chinese politics, it is reasonable to expect that China will in the future aim to play a leading role in environmental politics at the international level.     

哈萨克斯坦参与全球治理的举措、动力及前景

自1991年独立以来,哈萨克斯坦不但成功巩固了国家主权,在政治、经济、社会发展等领域取得了举世瞩目的成就,而且在外交领域赢得了国际社会的高度赞誉,使哈萨克斯坦成为全球治理舞台中最为活跃的中亚国家。在参与全球治理进程中,哈萨克斯坦将自己定位为“有实力的重要地区大国”,奉行以巩固主权独立和维护国家利益为中心的“全方位务实平衡”外交战略,通过建立睦邻友好信任带的“近邻外交”和以伙伴关系为基础的“远邻外交”,拉近与世界各大国及周边国家的外交关系,在国际和地区热点问题上扮演着“沟通者”和“调停者”角色,积极推动中亚地区内部的一体化进程,广泛参与全球与地区性国际组织,在核不扩散和文明对话等领域提出了各种有影响力的倡议,力图将本国的利益和世界的利益融为一体,为哈萨克斯坦的发展赢得了很大的机遇和空间,使哈萨克斯坦在国际社会中的能见度不断提升。作为中亚国家经济发展最为成功、外交最为活跃、国际影响力最为显著的国家,哈萨克斯坦参与全球治理的实践经验值得发展中国家学习借鉴。     

“全球治理”与“建设和谐世界”理念比较研究

本文通过比较分析"全球治理"与"建设和谐世界"理念的异同,研究探索两者之间的相互关系,认为:一、两者都是对全球化深入发展,以及当代国际体系发生深刻变化的反应,并且都否定强权政治;二、"建设和谐世界"是中国融入当代国际体系、参与全球化过程中,为应对全球性问题挑战而提出的,具有中国特色的处理国际事务新理念,同时也与"全球治理"有一定的契合;三、由于"建设和谐世界"的思想基础是马列主义的和平共处国际关系理论,又与建设有中国特色的社会主义紧密相关,且强调传统中华文化的"和为贵"的理念,因此不能简单地认为它是中国的"全球治理"理论;四、"建设和谐世界"比"全球治理"理念更具包容性,因此建设和谐世界不仅能参与"全球治理",而且能超越全球治理。     

气候变化的事实、影响及我国的对策

近一百年以来全球气候以“变”为主要特征,气候变化给人类带来的影响很多是负面的、灾难性的和不可逆转的,我们应当采取适当措施,以减缓其对人类社会,也包括对中国建设小康社会的一些不利影响。气候变化不仅仅是个自然科学问题,它与经济和社会的可持续发展、环境外交、政治乃至战争密切相关。2012年《气候变化公约》的谈判将是我国继入世谈判以后的又一次棘手的谈判。     

论海上保险国际统一立法的必要性——基于法经济学视角的分析

自20世纪60年代以来,经济全球化要求商事法国际化。海上保险法就是其中之一,但是半个世纪以后,商事法国际统一成果寥寥无几,海上保险法国际统一更是毫无建树。当然,法律文化的协调难度较大,然而国际商事旧秩序既得利益者主导市场规则导向,阻碍商事法国际统一是根本原因。鉴于此,有必要从法经济学的供求、成本效益、效率三个基本理论出发,对商事法国际统一进行系统分析。     

Challenging Bipolarity: The Socialist International and the ‘Chilean Democratic Cause’ during the Cold War

This article analyses, the Socialist International's (SI) new international positioning strategies from a transnational perspective, through its relationship with the Chilean cause in the context of the Cold War détente. Focus will be placed on the SI's strong commitment to the Chilean democratic cause after the coup and its sustained activism during the military regime. Drawing from primary sources in various international archives, this article's main goal is to shed light on the SI's positioning regarding Latin America as a way to challenge the bipolar order.