中国食品安全监管——基于体制变迁与绩效评估的实证研究

自新中国成立以来,中国食品安全管理体制经历了一个怎样的历史变化过程?从历史制度分析的方法论出发,如何从监管者、监管对象以及监管过程三个角度来界定这样的历史变化过程?现行的食品安全监管体制绩效如何?根据不同时期食品安全管理主体、对象以及政策工具的差异,将建国以来我国食品安全管理体制区分为指令型体制、混合型体制与监管型体制三个阶段,同时对不同阶段的发展脉络、具体特征以及体制利弊进行了归纳总结。此外,选择了四个具有代表性的指标,对1990年至今的中国食品安全变化态势进行了测量,发现我国食品安全的形势经历了一个明显的V型曲线发展过程,并据此对这一过程提出自己的解释假设,以此为中国食品安全监管的历史和现状提供一个白描式的描述图景。结合历史制度主义的分析范式,从四个方面综合分析出制约中国食品安全监管绩效优化的四大结构性因素,从而将其监管绩效的现状与历史制度根源联系起来,提出未来中国食品安全监管体制的改革方向。     

卫生投入结构、健康发展与经济增长

卫生投入通过促进健康发展进而影响经济增长,而这种影响既有数量效应,更有结构效应,本文侧重分析了卫生投入结构因素对健康发展及经济增长影响的理论机制;在此基础上运用1993—2007年中国30个省级行政单位(以下简称省份)面板数据协整模型进行实证研究。结果表明:当前中国卫生投入主体存在结构失衡问题,个人比例过高,而公共比例偏低,这不仅短期内直接降低了民众健康保障能力和福利水平,构成了对区域经济增长的负效应,而且对长期经济增长能力和增长方式转型也构成深远影响。所以,基于改善民生健康福利与实施人力资本发展战略的双重目标要求,新医改应重视卫生投入结构的优化发展,当前特别要减轻过重的个人医疗负担。     

能源效率及其与经济系统关系的再认识

介绍了能源效率的概念、内涵及其测度性问题;从结构异质性和要素替代性视角,应用全要素生产率核算方法分析了能源效率与经济系统、能源与经济增长的关系。能源效率的内涵在于所消耗的能源量对于维持或促进整个经济、社会和环境系统可持续发展的贡献量。在能源经济系统研究和政策制定中,需要考虑到能源与其它生产要素之间、以及各类能源之间的不完全替代性。     

Policy Failure in the Triangle of Growth: Labour Market,Human Capital,and Innovation in Spain and Italy

This article focuses on the Italian and Spanish models of growth and analyses labour market, human capital and innovation policy reforms since the mid 1990s. The comparison with France and Germany shows the constraints that have hindered the rise of institutional complementarities and the competitiveness of the two Mediterranean countries already before the introd uction of the euro and the outbreak of the 2008 crisis. The analysis highlights both similarities and structural differences between Italy and Spain and demonstrates the long-term institutional conditions that explain why the economic breakdown has had such a deep impact on the two countries.     

越南国内关于西贡政权历史法理地位的争论

长期以来,越南各界一直将西贡政权视为伪政权或傀儡政权。越共十一大后,越南国内在该问题上的观点逐渐趋于多元化,新编《越南历史》出版后,该问题引发了越南各界的激烈争论,焦点主要在于越南民主共和国是否系全越南的唯一代表,“越南共和国”是否是合法的国家?该辩论标志着越南国内对于西贡政权原有的传统立场受到了挑战,而将西贡政权合法化的阶段性两个越南的观点在越南渐有市场。在越南国内对该问题的争论中,虽包含部分学者对历史事实的客观追求和对以往立场的反思,但总体而言,越南国内在该问题上的做法名为历史评价问题,实则指向南海争端,同时也与越南推行的民族和解政策有关。中国学界在研究认知西贡政权问题时必须摆脱中国思维束缚,超越单纯的意识形态因素,在越南政治文化的语境里从多个角度探寻越南行为的动因,然后再回归南海问题,方能提出较为符合实际的因应之策。     

公马生长激素细胞和催乳激素细胞的形态计测学研究

利用免疫组织化学和形态计测学的方法,观察了20匹成熟雄性蒙古马的脑垂体前叶生长激素细胞和催乳激素细胞的数量和面积,同时利用放射免疫分析方法检测了这2种激素的血浆水平.结果表明,生长激素细胞的数量为10.10×108个,细胞面积为81.30 μm2;催乳激素细胞的数量为3.94×108个,细胞面积为46.03μm2.生长激素在血浆中含量为10.11ng/mL,催乳激素为1.64 ng/mL.结果提示垂体激素血浆中含量与相关细胞的组织学特征有关,而生长激素血浆中含量的个体差异可能与其搏动性分泌形式有关.     

Trajectories of Peer Social Influences as Long-term Predictors of Drug Use from Early Through Late Adolescence

The present study analyzed the long-term effects of perceived friend use and perceived peer use on adolescents’ own cigarette, alcohol and marijuana use as a series of parallel growth curves that were estimated in two developmental pieces, representing middle and high school (N = 1,040). Data were drawn from a large drug abuse prevention trial, the Midwestern Prevention Project (MPP). Results showed that both perceived peer and friend cigarette use predicted own cigarette use within and across the adolescent years. For own alcohol and marijuana use, peer and friend influences were limited primarily to middle school. The findings suggest that strategies for counteracting peer and friend influences should receive early emphasis in prevention programs that are targeted to middle school. The findings also raise the question of whether cigarette use may represent a symbol of peer group identity that is unlike other drug use, and once formed, may have lasting adverse effects through the adolescent years.

Does public participation matter? Inclusive growth in East Asia

Inclusiveness in economic development has lately emerged as a critical factor for development. This paper adopts an analytical concept of inclusive growth to evaluate East Asia’s economic success. It contests the Western conceptualization of the critical role of public participation in development, and argues that it has played a limited role in terms of inclusive growth in East Asia. Several factors have influenced the outcome of research in this area including the choice of methodology adopted, the challenge of defining and measuring inclusive growth, and the unclear mode and impact of public participation in the process.     

Energy in Northeast Asia: Resources for Conflict or Cooperation? An Introduction

Although Northeast Asia typically is seen as an arena for conflict over energy supplies, complementary economic relationships would seem to make the region ripe for energy cooperation: Russia possesses major oil and gas resources, while China, Japan, South and North Korea all depend on imported energy. The four papers in this issue raise a number of important and, at times, neglected issues about the prospects for energy cooperation in Northeast Asia. While focusing on specific projects for energy supply and conservation, the authors implicitly raise broader theoretical questions about the prospects for and consequences of regional energy cooperation.

基于公平的包容性增长:科学内涵、约束条件及路径选择

经济增长虽然对减少贫困是必须的,但并非是充分的。基于动态的结构性经济变革的可持续和平等增长,对于实质性的削减贫困是必需的;它能更快地促进联合国千年发展目标的实现。作为动态的结构性的一种经济增长,包容性增长在我国应当受到重视。包容性增长与科学发展、和谐发展一脉相承。本文阐述了包容性增长的演进及科学内涵,结合中国实际情况对其实现的路径选择提出了建议。