The impact of women above the political glass ceiling: Evidence from a Norwegian executive gender quota reform

Women have historically been underrepresented in democratic assemblies, particularly in top positions with executive powers. Most gender quota reforms address this by mandating a more equal gender representation on election lists. In contrast, a 1992 legislative reform in Norway required parties' candidate lists for the local executive board to comprise at least 40% politicians of each gender. This legal change was not only exogenously imposed by a higher-level government, but also generated distinct quota-induced constraints across Norwegian municipalities. We exploit the resulting variation in ‘quota shocks’ using a difference-in-differences design to identify the quota's effect on women's political representation as well as local public policies. We find that more women enter the executive board after the reform, though spill-overs on women's representation in the local council and on the probability of a female mayor or top administrator are weak. We also find no consistent evidence for shifts in public policies due to increased representation of women in positions with executive powers.     

Sacred Belonging: Writing,Religion and Community in H.D.'s Second World War Novels

Abstract: This article considers two works from H.D.'s Second World War writing: The Gift and The Sword Went Out to Sea. In these texts, H.D. situates herself in the context of diverse intimate communities: her spiritualist circle, her partnership with Bryher, her family and previous generations of Moravians. These communities ground her personal vision of writing as a spiritual exercise that will bring healing to both the individual psyche and the wider society ravaged by war. The significance of community is such that when she becomes isolated, desolation and breakdown follow. The restoration of communication and community through vision and writing leads to healing and a particular understanding of religious modernism as a unity of spiritual and material, transcendent and ordinary.     

Civil Rights and Social Welfare: Some Thoughts on the Contemporary Relevance of T. H. Marshall

This article draws on T H Marshall's celebrated classification of civil, political and social rights to examine the use of the courts by individuals seeking to establish rights to particular forms or models of welfare service provision. It argues that tensions between the collective and individual aspects of social rights, the relationship of social rights to inequality, and the difficulty of quantifying (and therefore enforcing) legitimate expectations, all make the use of litigation to establish social rights intensely problematic. Drawing on the recent UK Supreme Court case of R (on the Application of McDonald) v Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea, it goes on to suggest that it is unhelpful to think of social rights in terms of human rights: instead, we would do better to adopt Marshall's emphasis on the citizenship basis of social rights and on the social and political context within which they necessarily exist.     

哈特法哲学的风格与方法——解读《法律的概念》

对《法律的概念》这一经典的解读必须回到文本本身，而不是游离于文本之外空发议论。通过对文本的细致梳理，本文发现，哈特的“三提示”对于我们理解其思想的主题有重要意义。从方法论上来讲，解读哈特的要旨在于：J．L，奥斯丁的“言语行为理论”在实质上究竟是如何与哈特的问题意识相关的。     

Parentally imprinted allele (PIA) typing in the differentially methylated region upstream of the human H19 gene

The H19 gene is a paternally imprinted gene located on chromosome 11p15.5. In this study, the H19FR1 and H19FR2 haplotype polymorphisms including four and three SNPs, respectively, upstream of the H19 gene according to the GenBank sequence (accession no. AF125183) were investigated. Five haplotypes and nine genotypes were detected for H19FR1 in the Chinese Han population by means of PCR and subsequent denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). The power of discrimination (Dp), polymorphism information content (PIC) and probability of paternity exclusion (PE) were estimated to be 0.803, 0.58 and 0.322, respectively. For the H19FR2, two haplotypes and three genotyes were observed, and the Dp, PIC and PE were 0.626, 0.37 and 0.162, respectively. Sequencing results showed that only two of the four reported SNPs, a7342g and g7547a, were detected in H19FR1 in the Chinese Han population, and two new SNPs, g7351c and a7357g, were found. In the H19FR2 region, only one of the three reported SNPs, a8097g, was detected. Based on the methylation status of the genomic DNA, selective detection of the parental alleles for H19FRs was examined by using two types of enzymes, the methylation-sensitive restriction enzyme (msRE) HpaII or HhaI and McrBC. Genomic DNA digested by either HpaII or HhaI, revealed a single band derived from the paternal allele, as a result of cleavage of unmethylated recognition sites on the maternal allele. On the contrary, the use of McrBC, which can digest a methylated paternal sequence, resulted in exclusively amplifying the maternal allele. This parentally imprinted allele (PIA) typing method could be one of the useful techniques for discriminating the parental origin of alleles.     

大鼠限制性体位窒息模型中膈肌Fn和HSP70的免疫荧光组化观察

目的观察Fn和HSP70在限制性体位窒息死亡的大鼠膈肌中的表达情况,进一步探讨限制性体位窒息死亡的机理。方法分组建立限制性体位窒息死亡大鼠模型,采用免疫荧光组织化学方法研究大鼠膈肌的Fn和HSP70的表达情况,并将荧光照片进行灰度值分析,比较抗原在不同组别间的表达差异。结果在Fn检测中,限制性体位窒息死亡组大鼠的膈肌肌内膜上有明亮荧光,肌纤维间隙的荧光强度明显大于对照组。在HSP70检测中,肌纤维内的荧光强度随着体位性限制程度的加重而明显增加。结论采用免疫荧光组织化学检测膈肌Fn和HSP70抗原的表达,对判断限制性体位窒息死亡者膈肌的损伤是一种有意义的手段。     

大鼠弥漫性脑损伤神经元HSP70表达及神经髓鞘的病理变化

目的探讨脑神经元HSP70表达变化和神经髓鞘病变在弥漫性脑损伤(DB I)诊断及其损伤时间判断的价值。方法将50只SD大鼠分为正常对照组和DB I组,后者按DB I后处死大鼠的时间不同又分为0.5h、1h、3h、6h、12h、1d、3d、7d及10d组。然后复制大鼠DB I模型,脑组织常规取材后进行HSP70免疫组化及劳克坚牢蓝(LFB)髓鞘染色,观察神经元HSP70的变化和神经髓鞘病变。结果大鼠DB I后0.5h,脑干及海马处见HSP70免疫组化染色阳性的神经元;伤后1h明显,12h达到高峰,1d下降,7d基本恢复正常。神经髓鞘于伤后0.5h开始逐渐出现水肿,分层、碎裂及聚集成团块状,伤后1d最明显,3d后开始逐渐减退,10d基本正常。结论神经元HSP70表达变化和神经髓鞘病变程度对DB I诊断及其损伤时间判断具有一定的参考价值。     

Cerebral massive hemorrhage in congophilic angiopathy and its medicolegal significance

The principles of a special type of senile cerebromeningeal angiopathy, these days usually named “congophilic angiopathy”, are demonstrated on the basis of eight cases, complicated by spontaneous massive intracranial hemorrhages in seven and late traumatic hemorrhage in one of them. The occurrence of massive hemorrhages associated with congophilic angiopathy has until now only rarely been reported. The medicolegal significance of this vascular disease is emphasized by the eighth, traumatic, case, which became forensically relevant; the late massive hemorrhage had to be regarded as significantly favoured by amyloid angionecrosis, which is the main feature of congophilic angiopathy.     

论改革中国的出入境检查制度

中国现有的出入境检查制度存在不足之处，例如法律欠缺、行政诉讼程序有瑕疵、查控电脑软件有漏洞等。建议通过完善立法、改进电子化管理程度、革新出入境检验技术以及提高执法人员素质等举措来改革中国出入境检查制度，以便落实反恐维稳等保障国家安全的战略对策。     

Avian influenza, ‘viral sovereignty’, and the politics of health security in Indonesia

Abstract

In December 2006, Indonesian Health Minister, Siti Fadilah Supari, shocked the world when announcing her government would no longer be sharing samples of the H5N1 avian flu virus, collected from Indonesian patients, with the World Health Organization, at a time when global fears of a deadly influenza pandemic were running high. For observers of Southeast Asian politics, the decision reinforced the view of the region as made up of states determined to protect their national sovereignty, at almost all costs. This established view of the region, however, generally neglects the variable and selective manner in which sovereignty has been invoked by Southeast Asian governments, or parts thereof, and fails to identify the conditions shaping the deployment of sovereignty. In this paper, it is argued that Siti's action was designed to harness claims of sovereignty to a domestic political struggle. It was a response to the growing fragmentation and, in some cases, denationalisation of the governance apparatus dealing with public health in Indonesia, along with the ‘securitisation’ of H5N1 internationally. The examination of the virus-sharing dispute demonstrates that in Southeast Asia sovereignty is not so much the ends of government action, but the means utilised by government actors for advancing particular political goals.