Foreign aid: An instrument for fighting communism?

In this paper, we test the argument that the sizeable reduction in aggregate aid levels in the 1990s was due to the end of the Cold War. We test two different models using a dynamic econometric specification on a panel of 17 donor countries, spanning the years 1970–97. We find aid to be positively related to military expenditures in the former Eastern Bloc during the Cold War, but not in the 1990s, suggesting that the reductions in aid disbursements are driven by the disappearance of an important motive for aid. We also study the effect on aid allocation, but here we do not find any robust effects of the end of the Cold War.     

Haftung für missbräuchliche Konkursantragstellung / Haftung des Mandanten für seinen Rechtsanwalt

Die Prozesspartei muss sich (schwerwiegende) Fehler ihres Rechtsanwalts bei der Prozessführung zurechnen lassen. Den Rechtsanwalt trifft normalerweise keine Verpflichtung, die Richtigkeit der ihm von seinem Mandanten erteilten Information in Zweifel zu ziehen, solange er nicht für ihre Unrichtigkeit erhebliche Anhaltspunkte hat. Missbr?uchlichkeit eines vom Gl?ubiger gestellten Konkurser?ffnungsantrags ist anzunehmen, wenn der Schuldner oder eine andere Person mit dem Konkursantrag ungerechtfertigt unter Druck gesetzt werden oder ein verfahrensfremder Zweck erreicht werden soll.     

Political accountability,fiscal conditions and local government performance—cross‐sectional evidence from Indonesia

Why are some local governments more successful than others in managing resources and delivering services? And even more vitally, how can malfunctioning governments be reformed so that they perform their responsibilities more effectively? This article contributes to our understanding of theses overarching questions by exploring the interactions between political institutions and public sector performance in the context of decentralisation and local governance. It shows–both theoretically and empirically–that performance outcomes are determined by the extent to which people can hold their governments accountable through political institutions. The basic hypothesis underlying this research is that political accountability, either by encouraging sanctions upon non‐compliant public agents or simply by reducing the informational gap regarding government activities, will create forceful incentives for elected officials and civil servants to reduce opportunistic behaviour and improve performance. Using a cross‐sectional regression the hypothesis is empirically tested against evidence from newly empowered local governments in Indonesia. The empirical findings broadly support our hypotheses. Improved public services on the ground, both in terms of quantity and quality, require informed and well functioning decision‐making processes that allocate resources to priority areas that meet the demand of the broader community. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

复方麝香注射液联合羚羊角汤治疗痰热内闭清窍型脑出血26例

目的 观察复方麝香注射液联合羚羊角汤治疗痰热内闭清窍型脑出血的临床疗效。方法 将52例脑出血患者随机分为对照组和治疗组,每组各26例。对照组接受常规西药治疗,治疗组在常规西药治疗的基础上加用复方麝香注射液联合羚羊角汤治疗,疗程2周。观察并比较两组临床疗效;治疗前后分别观察两组患者中医症状积分及血浆热休克蛋白-70（heat shock proteins 70,HSP70）水平。结果 两组临床疗效的分布比较,差异具有统计学意义（P<0.05）,治疗组临床疗效显著优于对照组。与治疗前比较,治疗后两组中医症状积分均显著降低（P<0.05）,血浆HSP70水平均显著升高（P＜0.05）,治疗组治疗后中医症状积分降低值和血浆HSP70升高值显著大于对照组（P＜0.05）。结论 复方麝香注射液和羚羊角汤联合常规西药治疗痰热内闭清窍型脑出血疗效较好,尤其在改善中医症状积分和血浆HSP70水平方面较常规西药具有明显优势。     

4种香茶菜属植物微性状特征研究

目的 研究香茶菜及同属植物微性状鉴别特征。方法 采用500万像素电子摄像目镜,应用景深合成技术合成微性状鉴别图片,观察4种香茶菜属植物的新鲜及干燥叶片的微性状特征。结果 在叶尖突起程度、毛茸的长短与分布方面,4种香茶菜属植物叶片的微性状有明显不同：岐伞香茶菜和显脉香茶菜密被较长毛茸,叶尖极度突起或明显突起;香茶菜和大萼香茶菜稀被较短毛茸,毛茸多分布在叶脉、叶缘,叶尖微凹或突起。结论 微性状鉴别方法简便,可以区别香茶菜属不同植物。     

心肌缺血再灌流损伤HSP70 mRNA原位杂交研究

目的观察家兔早期缺血再灌流损伤心肌组织热休克蛋白70 mRNA的表达变化,为心性猝死的法医病理学诊断寻找新的方法.方法建立家兔心肌缺血再灌流损伤模型,通过原位杂交技术观察研究.结果心肌缺血15min再灌流30min后,缺血区HSP70 mRNA阳性反应增强,阳性颗粒均匀散布于心肌全层,随着缺血时间的延长,阳性反应细胞数目逐渐增多,染色加深.结论HSP70 mRNA原位杂交检测可望为早期心肌缺血再灌流损伤的死后诊断提供新方法.     

H5亚型禽流感病毒核蛋白基因重组质粒的构建及其在Hela细胞的瞬时表达

采用PCR技术从重组质粒pMel-NP扩增得到了禽流感病毒(AIV)A/Goose/Guang-dong/1/96(H5N1)株的核蛋白(NP)基因,将其亚克隆至真核表达载体pVAX1上。将提取的pVAX-NP阳性克隆转染Hela细胞,48 h后经间接免疫荧光试验和Western-blotting检测,NP基因在Hela细胞中已成功瞬时表达。表达产物的分子质量约为57 ku,它与H5N1亚型AIV多克隆抗血清有较好的免疫反应。     

禽多杀性巴氏杆菌C48-1成熟外膜蛋白H重组亚单位设苗免疫效果的研究

将融合表达禽多杀性巴氏杆菌成熟外膜蛋白H(OmpmH)的重组菌pGEX-ompmH/BL21大量培养,在最佳诱导条件下诱导表达,表达产物经蛋白酶剪切及亲和层析纯化,得到OmpmH基因的原核表达产物,将其与弗氏完全佐剂混合制成油乳剂亚单位疫苗,用该疫苗肌肉注射接种5周龄鸡,首免后每周采血检测抗体,二免后第2周用10 LD50禽多杀性巴氏杆菌强毒菌株C48-1进行攻击.结果显示,OmpmH具有良好的免疫原性,能诱导鸡体产生特异性抗体,可抵抗强毒菌株C48-1的致死性攻击,免疫效果优于禽多杀性巴氏杆菌弱毒疫苗.