His master’s voice: H.L.A. Hart and Lacanian discourse theory

H.L.A. Hart’s jurisprudence seems antithetical to Jacques Lacan’s psychoanalysis. Professor Schroeder argues that, in fact, Hart’s concept of law has surprising similarities to Lacan’s ‘discourse of the Master’. Both reject a command theory of law: subjects do not obey law out of fear. Moreover, both insist that the authority of law is completely independent from its content. Anyone seeking to develop a psychoanalytically sophisticated critical legal theory should reconsider Hart. As insightful as his concept of the symbolic is, Lacan has no expertise in legal systems and does not discuss positive law per se. Although he posited a theory of ethics in his Seventh Seminar and the seeds of a jurisprudence are implicit within his theory, he offers no account of legal right, justice or what Hart misleadingly calls ‘morality’. A Lacanian jurisprudence must, therefore, be supplemented by other sources. Moreover, legal positivists should not dismiss psychoanalysis. As insightful as Hart’s jurisprudence is, his theories of legal subjectivity and linguistics are simplistic and his concept of law too narrow. He describes only one aspect of legal experience: obedience to law. He ignores what most legal actors do: Hart’s concept of law excludes the practice of law. Although Lacan’s ‘master’s discourse’ surprisingly parallels Hart’s jurisprudence, Lacan does not restrict the symbolic to the master’s discourse. It requires three other ‘discourses’. Lacan, therefore, supplements Hart. Specifically, Lacan’s fourth discourse describes the excluded practice of law and provides the mechanism by which ‘morality’ can critique law.

Potenzielle Auslieferungshindernisse aus der MRK

Eine unzul?ssige Beschwerde gegen den Beschluss des Oberlandesgerichts ist, wenn die Verletzung in verfassungsgesetzlich gew?hrleisteten Rechten nach Art 2, 3, 6 und 8 MRK geltend gemacht wird, der Sache nach als Antrag auf Erneuerung des Strafverfahrens (§ 363a StPO) zu werten. Dem Betroffenen steht nur ein Erneuerungsantrag in Betreff ein- und derselben Sache zu. § 89 Abs 2 StPO gilt nicht für das Erneuerungsverfahren. Art 3, 6 und 8 MRK k?nnen unter eng begrenzten Voraussetzungen in Zusammenhang mit einer Auslieferung eine Konventionsverletzung bewirken.     

重组鸡白细胞介素6对不同种类疫苗的免疫增强作用

为评价重组鸡白细胞介素6(rChIL-6)在商品鸡体内对不同种类疫苗的免疫增强作用,采用不同接种方式,应用rChIL-6分别对不同种类新城疫病毒(NDV)单联疫苗和新城疫病毒-传染性支气管炎病毒-禽流感病毒H9亚型三联疫苗(NDV-IBV-H9)进行了免疫增强试验以及传染性法氏囊病病毒(IBDV)单联油乳剂灭活疫苗的免疫增强田间试验,并进行了将rChIL-6与NDV Ⅳ系预混合乳化制备成的灭活疫苗的免疫试验.结果表明,将rChIL-6与NDVⅣ系、Ⅰ系活疫苗预混合后分别采用滴鼻点眼、肌肉注射接种方式的免疫增强效果优于其他方式;rChIL-6与NDV抗原预混后制备成油乳剂灭活疫苗的免疫增强效果优于将相同抗原量的NDV油乳剂灭活疫苗和rChIL-6同时分点免疫接种.rChIL-6对NDV油乳剂灭活疫苗的免疫增强效果优于活疫苗,对NDV单联灭活疫苗的免疫增强效果优于NDV-IBV-H9三联灭活疫苗.田间试验表明,rChIL-6对IBDV油乳剂灭活疫苗首免和二免都具有显著的免疫增强作用,二免的免疫增强效果优于首免.这些研究结果为进一步开展新型鸡基因工程免疫增强剂研究奠定了基础.     

免疫程序与母源抗体对H5禽流感疫苗免疫鸭和鹅HI抗体水平的影响

对不同日龄与母源抗体水平的鸭和鹅,用H5亚型禽流感疫苗免疫后,其HI抗体消长情况进行了比较和观察,结果,初生水禽3日龄首免即可对禽流感疫苗(H5亚型)产生良好的免疫应答;雏鹅母源抗体几乎以每4d下降1个HI抗体效价单位的速度消退;母源抗体对H5禽流感疫苗免疫后的HI抗体水平存在一定的干扰作用;加强免疫鸭和鹅所产生的H5HI抗体水平及其维持时间与仅免疫一次的鸭和鹅所产生的抗体水平之间存在显著差异;鸭和鹅免疫H5禽流感疫苗后第25~30dH5HI抗体水平达到高峰。     

Development and validation of the AmpFlSTR Yfiler PCR amplification kit: a male specific, single amplification 17 Y-STR multiplex system

In the past 5 years, there has been a substantial increase in the use of Y-short tandem repeat loci (Y-STRs) in forensic laboratories, especially in cases where typing autosomal STRs has met with limited success. The AmpFlSTR Yfiler PCR amplification kit simultaneously amplifies 17 Y-STR loci including the loci in the "European minimal haplotype" (DYS19, DYS385a/b, DYS389I, DYS389II, DYS390, DYS391, DYS392, and DYS393), the Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (SWGDAM) recommended Y-STR loci (DYS438 and DYS439), and the highly polymorphic loci DYS437, DYS448, DYS456, DYS458, Y GATA H4, and DYS635 (formerly known as Y GATA C4). The Yfiler kit was validated according to the FBI/National Standards and SWGDAM guidelines. Our results showed that full profiles are attainable with low levels of male DNA (below 125 pg) and that under optimized conditions, no detectable cross-reactive products were obtained on human female DNA, bacteria, and commonly encountered animal species. Additionally, we demonstrated the ability to detect male specific profiles in admixed male and female blood samples at a ratio of 1:1000.     

From customary to constitutional right: the right to petition in Scotland before the 1707 Act of Union

ABSTRACT

The confirmation of a constitutional, rather than customary, right to petition the monarch in Scotland and England in 1689 has been recognized as an important precedent for modern constitutions, but the underlying forces impelling this historical transition have been less well recognized. The assertion of a constitutional right to petition the Scottish crown appeared after of decades of conflict over increasingly bold forms of collective political petitioning to crown and parliament. These innovations involved ordinary people in organized political protest, stimulating Scotland’s monarchs to block what they considered seditious and tumultuous activity. Standing laws against lese-majesté and unauthorized meetings were deployed to restrict petitioning, despite claims by Scottish dissidents for a customary liberty and natural right to petition. Within the composite British monarchy formed in 1603, England experienced similar but not identical conflicts over participative petitioning, leading revolutionary assemblies in both realms to demand in 1689 a right to supplicate the crown without fear of prosecution. Though Scotland’s monarchs still sought to discourage and evade unwelcome petitions, this new right allowed assertive political petitioning to crown and parliament to re-emerge in Scotland, contributing to the prominence of petitioning in British political culture after the Union of 1707.     

Liberals and nationalism: E. H. Carr,Walter Lippmann and the Baltic States from 1918 to 1944

The Baltic states were among the ‘new’ states that were created after the First World War; they were the only states to lose their sovereignty during the Second World War. Most historians explain the birth and demise of the Baltic states in terms of their relative strength vis-à-vis the great powers. This article places the short-lived independence of the Baltic states into the perspective of intellectual history by focusing on two Western thinkers: E. H. Carr and Walter Lippmann. The analysis assumes that ideas matter in international politics. It adds to our understanding of the forces that led to the creation and later to the extinction of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania in the period of the two world wars.     

A note on the optimality of (even more) incomplete strict liability

This paper starts from the premise that liability is incomplete and establishes that firms may nevertheless invest excessively in care. This may justify a (further) reduction in the level of liability from a social standpoint, thereby arguing against seeking to approach full compensation as close as possible. In our framework, firms are liable under product liability, but also invest in care to prevent consumers’ switching to competitors. Affecting the partition of consumers by means of care-taking is not desirable from a social standpoint. Consequently, it may be optimal to reduce liability below a given level of incomplete compensation in order to adjust firms’ care incentives.