拓展历史编纂学研究之方法论思考

中国历史编纂学是正在建设的一门学科。拓展这一领域的研究,关键所在是不能将之视为单纯的技术问题,而亟须加强对其哲理层面的思考,深入发掘史学名著的成就,认真总结中国历史编纂学的优良传统和人文精神。当前尤应深入探索以下四项有效的研究途径:第一,贯彻发展观点,将创始时期的特征与以后的纵向发展联系起来考察;第二,确立整体观念,深入总结史学名著所蕴涵的深邃哲理与高度审美价值;第三,贯彻“历史主义”的观点和方法,克服偏颇之见;第四,运用比较研究方法,阐释传统史学精华在历史变局面前所具有的应变力。     

藏传佛教和僧人在元代政治中的地位

蒙古同西藏发生正式联系是在成吉思汗之子窝阔台汗在位时期 (12 2 9— 12 4 1年 ) ,第一个和西藏发生政治联系的西路军统帅、蒙古皇子阔端。在阔端眼中 ,若要很好地经营这些藏区 ,就必须因势利导 ,以佛治佛 ,即“以蕃治蕃”方为上策 ,从而利用了藏传佛教或藏传佛教僧人全权代表 ,通过萨迦班智达和八思巴等宗教领袖确立了对吐蕃的有效统治。     

THE DEFEAT THAT CHANGED CHINA'S HISTORY

正This year marks the 120th anniversary of the outbreak of the First Sino-Japanese War of 1894-95,commonly known in China as the Jiawu War.Time has passed,but the trauma of the conflict is still felt by the Chinese people even today.The war,during which China’s then-ruling Qing Dynasty(1644-1911)was defeated,changed the fate of the country.It exposed the     

History of the Silk Road

正A gold Byzantine coin of the Anastasius I era(491-518)was unearthed last October from a Northern Wei Dynasty(386-534)tomb in Luoyang,Henan Province.The find caused no particular stir in China’s numismatic circles,however.Over recent decades Persian and Roman gold coins have occasionally come to light in historical sites along the ancient Silk Road.     

Nazlı's photographic games: Said and art history in a contrapuntal mode

ABSTRACT

Through a focus on photographic portraits commissioned in the late nineteenth century by the Ottoman-Egyptian Princess Nazl? Han?m, Roberts analyses the ways they tested Ottoman and western conventions. An examination of Nazl?'s strategic engagement with photography in this period positions her within the often-separated domains of Egyptian nationalism, Ottoman political reform, western Orientalist art and a proto-feminist moment of Egyptian women's history. One of the striking things about the Nazl? portraits is their transgressive inventiveness. This is transgression as Edward Said defines it, with an emphasis on crossing boundaries, testing and challenging limits, and cutting across expectations. Nazl?'s inventiveness is apparent through her canny experimentation with the codes of portrait photography and the ways she deploys her portraits as tokens of exchange within her culture and with her European interlocutors. Roberts argues that Nazl? Han?m's use of photography operates in a contrapuntal mode in the Saidean sense of a simultaneity of voices that sound against, as well as with, each other. Over the last three decades Said's writings have provided a crucial methodological framework for the critique of western Orientalist visual culture. Recently art historians have repositioned this corpus of western imagery in relation to art by practitioners from the region and addressed cultural exchanges. Said's seminal text Orientalism has been pivotal within these debates. Yet it is not so much this landmark book, but rather Said's writings on music, in which we can find an alternative approach to cross-cultural exchange. By transposing this model into the domain of art history, Roberts engages with his notion of reading contrapuntally. Said was interested in the broader applicability of this term, although its potential as an interpretive model for the visual arts remains unexamined. Through this case study of Nazl? Han?m's photographs, Roberts reassesses the value of Said's writings on music for understanding nineteenth-century visual culture.     

唐律的使用及《律疏》体制内外“法例”的运作

《律疏》在唐代的使用,有可靠的历史记载与文献证实;有关史书上的案例与《律疏》不符,是因有《刑部格》、议请制度与制敕断罪的影响;《律疏》以《刑统》的形式实际行用于宋代;唐代在《律疏》体制内外都有法例。在不同的法例之间,按照其位阶及性质,相互间可以发生取代、依准、类举、比附及补充等关系,以适应社会法律生活的需求。《律疏》的法律环境抑制了"判例"的产生与推广。     

《东方杂志》对清末教育改革的推动和评价

《东方杂志》作为立宪派的舆论阵地,对清末教育改革给予很大关注,成为清末新式教育发展的积极支持者和推动者。它通过域外视野下的呐喊、官方奏折和已有教育成果的宣传,努力推动清末新式教育改革;在总体肯定新式教育改革必要性和积极性的同时,对新式教育发展过程中的不足提出批评,发挥了舆论媒体在社会发展进程中的积极作用。     

李穑与《论语》在高丽末期的传播

高丽末期著名学者李穑入主成均馆之后,积极推广朱子学说,研读、讲授《论语》等经典。他还为国王讲授《论语》,并创作了富有特色的《论语》"经筵诗",他的其他诗文也大量引用了《论语》,理学意味很浓厚。由于李穑的这些努力,《论语》的传播随着性理学的发展而呈现出了新的面貌,其在高丽末期政治、文化生活中也发挥了积极的作用。     

南通汉族人群17个Y-STR基因座的遗传多态性

目的分析南通汉族人群的基因表型,评测17个Y-STR基因座在南通人群中的应用价值。方法采集343名南通汉族男性无关个体的外周血样本,通过Chelex-100法提取基因组DNA,用Amp FlSTR Yfiler~(TM)试剂盒进行基因分型,并与12个汉族人群[安徽、江苏、江西、山东、上海、浙江(1)、兰州、南阳、泸州、牡丹江、山西和浙江(2)]以及9个少数民族人群(蒙古族、锡伯族、拉萨藏族、青海藏族、哈萨克族、维吾尔族、满族、台湾排湾族和土家族)进行比较。结果南通汉族群体在17个Y-STR基因座共检出327种单倍型,单倍型多样性(haplotype diversity,HD)值为0.999 7,与其他人群间的R_(st)值范围为-0.000 6~0.263 5。多维尺度图结果显示南通汉族人群与大多数汉族人群之间差异无统计学意义,但明显有别于其他少数民族人群。结论 17个Y-STR基因座在南通汉族人群中的群体多态性高,具有法医学应用价值。     

贵州汉族19个STR基因座多态性及法医学应用

目的调查19个常染色体STR基因座在贵州汉族人群中的等位基因分布,评估其在法医学中的应用价值。方法应用Goldeneye~(TM) DNA身份鉴定系统20A试剂盒,研究贵州520名汉族无关健康个体19个常染色体STR基因座多态性。用310型遗传分析仪进行毛细管电泳,Gene Mapper~ID v3.1进行基因分型。结果 19个常染色体STR基因座的杂合度为0.603 8~0.916 4,个体识别率为0.790 0~0.985 6,非父排除率为0.295 5~0.826 9,多态信息含量为0.553 5~0.908 9,累积个体识别率为1-1.230 0×10~(-22),累积非父排除率为0.999 999 99。贵州汉族和其他五个地域的汉族两两之间等位基因频率比较,仅贵州汉族与山东汉族、辽宁汉族、山西汉族之间存在基因频率差异具有统计学意义。结论 D19S433等19个常染色体STR基因座在贵州汉族人群中具有良好的遗传多态性,对群体遗传学和法医物证学研究有应用价值。