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111.
《国际相互影响》2012,38(4):323-346
Employing events indices for cooperation and conflict from the COPDAB data set, the graphic structuring process established by Steven Brams, and several alternative methods of quantifying the resulting event digraphs, this paper examines the utility of the graphic structuring process in efforts at explanation and prediction. Arguing that if the graphic structure represents an underlying structural order in the foreign policy behavior of states, predictability should exist between the graphic portrayal and other behavioral structures around it. Despite face validity in the sociometric qualities of the digraph results, little predictive capability was uncovered. The paper explains the testing process, disc asses the test results, and proposes alternative uses for the structural mapping procedure. 相似文献
112.
《国际相互影响》2012,38(4):443-461
Many observers contend that wartime civilian victimization is an instrument of political leaders to achieve a particular goal. This article examines whether retaliation for similar acts by the other side, the developments on the battlefield, or the behavior of international actors accounts for the ups and downs of this so-called one-sided violence. Using information from the Konstanz One-Sided Violence Event Dataset and other sources, we evaluate the empirical relevance of these complementary models statistically. Time series analyses of the weekly number of killed and harmed Muslims (Bosniacs) and Serbs during the Bosnian civil war support the military and the massacre logic. We show that the Serbian side decreased one-sided violence following a territorial conquest, but that its one-sided violence was not a reciprocal response to the Bosniac targeting of civilians. Conversely, the Bosniac side resorted to violence during times of increasing Serbian atrocities and when the fighting was particularly intense. The analysis reveals that most international interventions did not reduce the carnage, but that the Serbs responded to Russian moves. 相似文献
113.
Facilitating Help Seeking Behavior and Referrals for Mental Health Difficulties in School Aged Boys and Girls: A School-Based Intervention 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Darcy A. Santor Christiane Poulin John C. LeBlanc Vivek Kusumakar 《Journal of youth and adolescence》2007,36(6):741-752
Although the need for early intervention for mental health difficulties is widely acknowledged, few studies have attempted
to explicitly increase actual help seeking behavior for mental health difficulties. Students in intervention classrooms received
two one-hour, in-class workshops on distress and help seeking and were compared to students in non-intervention classrooms
in a 2-level hierarchical model. More frequent help seeking behavior and more mental health referrals were observed among
students in the intervention group than among students in the comparison group. Effects were moderated by the level of distress
experienced by students, but not by help seeking attitudes, and could not be accounted for by school staff referrals or website
utilization. Results showed that help seeking behavior for mental health difficulties and mental health referrals can be increased
with only a moderate investment in time, but that benefits of school-based intervention may be greatest among students with
specific needs, such as high levels of distress.
相似文献
Darcy A. SantorEmail: |
114.
Simulation for Theory Testing and Experimentation: An Example Using Routine Activity Theory and Street Robbery 总被引:4,自引:1,他引:3
Elizabeth R. Groff 《Journal of Quantitative Criminology》2007,23(2):75-103
Achieving a better understanding of the crime event in its spatio-temporal context is an important research area in criminology
with major implications for improving policy and developing effective crime prevention strategies. However, significant barriers
related to data and methods exist for conducting this type of research. The research requires micro-level data about individual
behavior that is difficult to obtain and methods capable of modeling the dynamic, spatio-temporal interaction of offenders,
victims, and potential guardians at the micro level. This paper presents simulation modeling as a method for addressing these
challenges. Specifically, agent-based modeling, when integrated with geographic information systems, offers the ability to
model individual behavior within a real environment. The method is demonstrated by operationalizing and testing routine activity
theory as it applies to the crime of street robbery. Model results indicate strong support for the basic premise of routine
activity theory; as time spent away from home increases, crime will increase. The strength of the method is in providing a
research platform for translating theory into models that can be discussed, shared, tested and enhanced with the goal of building
scientific knowledge.
相似文献
Elizabeth R. GroffEmail: |
115.
Hua-Lun Huang 《Asian Journal of Criminology》2007,2(2):127-143
Developing a typology for delinquent and criminal gangs has a long history in criminology and criminal justice. Although many
typologies have been proposed in the past eight decades, the great majority of these classifications are based on the consideration
of one single factor. This approach obviously oversimplifies the nature of gangs and may give gang researchers an impression
that gangs of a certain category differ totally from those of another category. The author of this paper argues that differences
between gangs are relative, not absolute. To demonstrate this point, a nomenclature on Asian gangs based on the different
combinations of the three factors of political belief, organizational layout, and political connection is suggested. According
to this nomenclature, Asian gangs can be conceptually categorized as STP, SEP, STN, SEN, ITP, IEP, ITN, and IEN types.
Hua-Lun Huang is Assistant Professor of Sociology at the University of Louisiana, Lafayette. His specialized areas include Chinese and Japanese secret societies, Chinese and Japanese organized crime, and pirates of East Asia. 相似文献
Hua-Lun HuangEmail: |
Hua-Lun Huang is Assistant Professor of Sociology at the University of Louisiana, Lafayette. His specialized areas include Chinese and Japanese secret societies, Chinese and Japanese organized crime, and pirates of East Asia. 相似文献
116.
Melissa Connor Ph.D. Christiane Baigent M.Sc. Eriek S. Hansen Ph.D. 《Journal of forensic sciences》2018,63(5):1350-1355
Pigs are a common human analogue in taphonomic study, yet data comparing the trajectory of decomposition between the two groups are lacking. This study compared decomposition rate and gross tissue change in 17 pigs and 22 human remains placed in the Forensic Investigation Research Station in western Colorado between 2012 and 2015. Accumulated degree days (ADD) were used to assess the number of thermal units required to reach a given total body score (TBS) (1) which was used as the measure of decomposition. A comparison of slopes in linear mixed effects model indicated that decomposition rates significantly differed between human donors and pig remains χ2(1) = 5.662, p = 0.017. Neither the pig nor the human trajectory compared well to the TBS model. Thus, (i) pigs are not an adequate proxy for human decomposition studies, and (ii) in the semiarid environment of western Colorado, there is a need to develop a regional decomposition model. 相似文献
117.
Syahidah Akmal Muhammad Eng-Keng Seow AK Mohd Omar Ainolsyakira Mohd Rodhi Hasnuri Mat Hassan Japareng Lalung Sze-Chi Lee Baharudin Ibrahim 《Science & justice》2018,58(1):59-66
A total of 33 crude palm oil samples were randomly collected from different regions in Malaysia. Stable carbon isotopic composition (δ13C) was determined using Flash 2000 elemental analyzer while hydrogen and oxygen isotopic compositions (δ2H and δ18O) were analyzed by Thermo Finnigan TC/EA, wherein both instruments were coupled to an isotope ratio mass spectrometer. The bulk δ2H, δ18O and δ13C of the samples were analyzed by Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA), Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Orthogonal Partial Least Square-Discriminant Analysis (OPLS-DA). Unsupervised HCA and PCA methods have demonstrated that crude palm oil samples were grouped into clusters according to respective state. A predictive model was constructed by supervised OPLS-DA with good predictive power of 52.60%. Robustness of the predictive model was validated with overall accuracy of 71.43%. Blind test samples were correctly assigned to their respective cluster except for samples from southern region. δ18O was proposed as the promising discriminatory marker for discerning crude palm oil samples obtained from different regions. Stable isotopes profile was proven to be useful for origin traceability of crude palm oil samples at a narrower geographical area, i.e. based on regions in Malaysia. Predictive power and accuracy of the predictive model was expected to improve with the increase in sample size. Conclusively, the results in this study has fulfilled the main objective of this work where the simple approach of combining stable isotope analysis with chemometrics can be used to discriminate crude palm oil samples obtained from different regions in Malaysia. Overall, this study shows the feasibility of this approach to be used as a traceability assessment of crude palm oils. 相似文献
118.
Konstantin Ash 《Terrorism and Political Violence》2016,28(1):114-134
Does more representative government improve states' ability to fight domestic terrorism? In prior work, democracies are seen as more susceptible to terrorism because their respect for human rights prevents them from fully eliminating terrorist groups. However, such extrajudicial aggression could also alienate large portions of the population and create the ideal conditions for an insurgency. I argue that since terrorism is the lowest-capacity form of political violence, it is natural that states that do best at deterring political violence experience the most terrorism. While representative democracies should see terrorist groups initiate spells of attacks at a greater frequency, full political representation should also galvanize major political actors to unite and eliminate terrorist threats. I test this assertion through statistical models that treat the process of terrorist group initiation and its duration and intensity separately. Results not only show that less consolidated democracies and autocracies experience longer and more intense terrorist campaigns, but that, in support of the theory's mechanisms, groups are more likely to shift to terrorism from insurgency when their political base gains more political representation. The results call the division among research programs of various political violence types into question. 相似文献
119.
David Bilchitz 《Frontiers of Law in China》2016,11(3):407
One of the major changes that has taken place over the past twenty to thirty years has been the extension of the legal recognition and protections for same-sex relationships in a wide range of countries. A number of jurisdictions, including China, are considering the approach that they will adopt. This article seeks firstly to consider the justifications for the legal recognition of same-sex relationships by the state. Three main, compelling rationales are identified which are rooted in notions of the equality of all persons, the dignity and liberty of individuals to form close personal relationships, and the social benefits of recognizing close, personal relationships of same-sex couples. The second part of this article then turns to consider the manner in which same-sex relationships should be recognized. Four models are identified: a “Partial Rights” model; a “Civil Partnerships” model; a “Marriage Equality” model, and a “Diversity of Relationships” model. Reasons for and against these particular models will be examined. In the conclusion, it shall be argued that the choice of model that has been adopted can be seen to depend on a number of factors: the manner in which equality is conceived in that society; the understanding of same-sex relationships therein, and the religious and cultural opposition to same-sex relationships in that society. The models are also not states of affairs that are fixed for all time and many countries have progressed from less extensive forms of recognition to wider recognition over time. Ultimately, it shall be argued that the rationales underlying the recognition of close personal relationships in the law support the “Marriage Equality” model or the “Diversity of Relationships” model. This article thus seeks to provide an understanding of the rationales and models for recognizing same-sex relationships that have been adopted around the world: Its focus is thus comparative but may, in this way, be useful to lawmakers and advocates for legal reform in this area in China and other jurisdictions around the world. 相似文献
120.
Since philosophers Beccaria and Bentham, criminologists have been concerned with predicting how governmental attempts to maintain lawful behavior affect subsequent rates of criminal violence. In this article, we build on prior research to argue that governmental responses to a specific form of criminal violence—terrorism—may produce both a positive deterrence effect (i.e., reducing future incidence of prohibited behavior) and a negative backlash effect (i.e., increasing future incidence of prohibited behavior). Deterrence‐based models have long dominated both criminal justice and counterterrorist policies on responding to violence. The models maintain that an individual's prohibited behavior can be altered by the threat and imposition of punishment. Backlash models are more theoretically scattered but receive mixed support from several sources, which include research on counterterrorism; the criminology literature on labeling, legitimacy, and defiance; and the psychological literature on social power and decision making. In this article, we identify six major British strategies aimed at reducing political violence in Northern Ireland from 1969 to 1992 and then use a Cox proportional hazard model to estimate the impact of these interventions on the risk of new attacks. In general, we find the strongest support for backlash models. The only support for deterrence models was a military surge called Operation Motorman, which was followed by significant declines in the risk of new attacks. The results underscore the importance of considering the possibility that antiterrorist interventions might both increase and decrease subsequent violence. 相似文献