Disability,right to culture and copyright: which regulatory option?

Access to knowledge and participation in cultural life for persons with disabilities has always constituted a tough challenge. Recent studies show that only 5% of published works are available in accessible format, and the number plummets to 1% in developing countries. Coupled with the high costs of production and distribution, and the full reliance on public funds and intervention of public or non-profit organizations, copyright has traditionally represented an additional obstacle on the path for a broader availability of accessible works. Recently, the situation has worsened with the tilting in the balance between rights and exceptions caused by the legislative response to digital threats, when the unprecedented opportunities offered by new technologies to foster accessibility have been largely trumped by copyright law. Still, the last decades have witnessed the beginning of a paradigm shift, originating from the human rights arena, and moving towards a new definition of the interplay between authors’ rights and the right to take part in cultural life, both at a general level and with particular regards to persons with disabilities. This article offers a diachronic overview of the path that, from the rediscovery of Article 15 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights through its General Comments to Article 30 of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, has led to the adoption of the Marrakesh Treaty. It then analyses, with a focus on the European Union and its Member States, the national and regional responses to the new human rights obligations, looking at the relations between legislative exceptions and model or collective license agreements. The assessment of the strengths and weaknesses of the two main regulatory options lays the groundwork for proposals of further areas of intervention, necessary to fully comply with the international human rights obligations and to achieve the fullest access to and participation in culture possible for persons with disabilities, by using the tools offered by international and national copyright law.     

论WTO中的发展权

发展权是作为个体的人和作为人的集体的国家和民族自由地参与和增进经济、社会、文化和政治的全面发展并享受发展利益的一种资格或权能,是全体人类对全面发展的本质要求。发展权已超越国际人权法的特定范围,成为指导包括WTO在内的国际关系各领域的一般国际法原则。WTO规则的实体规范和程序规范均包含了有利于发展中国家和人民发展权实现的因素,但其在整体上有利于发达国家而不是发展中国家。将发展权这种综合性的人权纳入WTO,可以在整体上矫正GATT/WTO运行以来所奉行的传统发展理论对人权的漠视和侵害,并按照人权的要求对WTO进行民主化改革,强化WTO以人为本的精神,以人权的规尺推进全球公平正义的实现,而不是将其作为已有特殊和差别待遇的辅助措施。     

农村集体土地制度的宪法解释

八二宪法的集体土地制度包括所有权层面和使用权层面。无论是五四宪法还是八二宪法,从农民土地所有权到集体土地所有权的变化无非是国家管理农村经济手段的变化。但八二宪法的土地承包经营权之确立既带有国家管理手段变化的色彩,也带有基本权利的色彩。土地承包经营权的出现与自留地的保留一样,也是农民用生存权进行抗争的结果。因为其生存权属性,土地承包经营权具有对抗国家性,当然这种对抗国家性是伴随着现代法治观念的传播逐渐增强的。同时,由于其内在缺陷,生存权无法完全有效对抗国家权力,农村土地承包经营权需要从生存权本质转向自由权本质。     

论程序参与原则在刑事诉讼管辖中的制度实现－兼论刑事诉讼管辖中的当事人权利保障

程序参与是诉讼主体理论在刑事诉讼中的贯彻与反映,是落实诉讼民主,维持诉讼结构平衡的现实需要。把握程序参与原则的内涵和实质要求并予以程序实现,也是管辖冲突的有效解决与管辖制度完善应予解决的问题。在管辖制度设置上应为当事人提供足够的程序参与机会,保证诉讼当事人及其代表对管辖事项的知情权,在管辖权确定过程中赋予诉讼当事人一定的异议权,在管辖权确定程序产生相关裁定或决定后,应该赋予诉讼当事人相关的救济途径。     

公安院校兼职教师队伍建设的思考

作为一类特殊职业教育的承担者,公安院校教师不仅需要扎实的理论功底,公安教育的应用性、实战型特点也对教师教官的实战阅历、实践经验有很高的要求,选聘具有丰富公安实战经验的兼职教师是公安院校师资队伍建设的必然选择.针对当前公安院校兼职教师管理中出现的观念落后、稳定性不强和制度缺失等问题,提出更新教育理念、拓宽选聘范围、更新教学模式和加强制度建设等意见建议,以期为公安院校教师队伍建设提供参考.     

Color Separation in Forensic Image Processing Using Interactive Differential Evolution

Color separation is an image processing technique that has often been used in forensic applications to differentiate among variant colors and to remove unwanted image interference. This process can reveal important information such as covered text or fingerprints in forensic investigation procedures. However, several limitations prevent users from selecting the appropriate parameters pertaining to the desired and undesired colors. This study proposes the hybridization of an interactive differential evolution (IDE) and a color separation technique that no longer requires users to guess required control parameters. The IDE algorithm optimizes these parameters in an interactive manner by utilizing human visual judgment to uncover desired objects. A comprehensive experimental verification has been conducted on various sample test images, including heavily obscured texts, texts with subtle color variations, and fingerprint smudges. The advantage of IDE is apparent as it effectively optimizes the color separation parameters at a level indiscernible to the naked eyes.     

面对基层民警教师如何授课

民警培训课堂理论教学应运用抓住重点内容、服务公安实践、注重教学创新、突出授课特点和讲求语言艺术等五个方面的授课方法 ,不断提高授课效果和培训质量。     

技巧:提高英语听力教学的关键

国内外成功的英语听力教学表明 ,技巧在听力教学中对教师和学生都是至为关键的 ,如背景知识介绍、预听阶段活动的设计、跟踪听阶段活动的设计、听写、记笔记等等。这些技巧有助于培养有效听者和有语言交际能力的人才。     

入世对行政执法的要求

入世在一定意义上是政府入世,入世必将对我国行政执法的整体水平提出更高的要求,其主要体现在行政执法依据、行政执法程序、行政执法监督和救济等几个方面。     

正确对待高校的体育教学和课余训练

体育教学与课余训练是全体与个体、普及与提高、面向全体与发展特长的关系 ,在高校体育工作中都必须加以重视 ,不能只重视某一个方面而疏忽另一个方面。在教学过程中 ,要协调好两者的关系 ,实现以教学带动训练 ,以训练促进教学的良性循环 ,全面完成学校的体育工作。