FHA in the Great Recession: Rebalancing Its Role

The Federal Housing Administration's (FHA) Mutual Mortgage Insurance Fund has a negative net worth as of FY2012, partly because of the weak economic recovery and partly because its policy has been directed to supporting homeownership at the risk of incurring more defaults. Although recently announced reforms should reduce losses, higher insurance premiums and lower loan-to-value ratios will still be necessary. But FHA faced and survived similar situations before, and should be able to do so again, without draconian limitations on its authority.     

中低收入者住房金融的国际经验与借鉴

由于各个国家历史背景、基本国情不同,各个国家在实践中形成了各有特色的中低收入者住房金融制度。由于拥有世界上最发达的资本市场,美国在中低收入者住房金融方面建立了完备的住房抵押贷款市场;新加坡住房金融是一种强制储蓄模式,包括中低收入群体在内,核心政策是推行住房公积金制度;在德国,主要通过社会福利房、住房合作社、住房互助储蓄信贷银行等方式来解决中低收入者的住房金融问题;在英国,住房抵押贷款是许多中低收入购房者的重要资金来源。     

商业银行住房贷款风险防范分析

在大力发展个人住房信贷业务的同时,应客观分析其政策风险、市场风险等潜在风险。针对商业银行住房贷款风险的表现,从建立住房贷款风险预警系统,健全银行内部管理机制,积极稳妥地推进金融创新,完善抵押物管理措施几个方面对住房贷款业务风险的防范做一些有益的探讨。     

Forensic STR analysis reveals DNA contamination previously undetected during clinical analysis of chronically inflamed tissues

While investigating the potential for genetic instability in chronic inflammatory disease, using ulcerative colitis (UC) as a model, we analyzed microsatellite DNA of both pre- and post-surgical affected and histologically normal tissues. These samples were also characterized using the forensic Identifiler^® Multiplex System from ABI. Apparent instability was found in the majority of patients using the clinical panel. This panel assumed all samples were single source, whereas the forensic panel revealed that 57% of samples tested with Identifiler^® were mixtures of more than one contributor. It is likely that DNA contamination occurred during routine histological processing. This contamination could lead to erroneous assessments of instability. Microsatellite analysis is used in tumor characterization and therapeutic determinations. Incorrect determinations could affect patient care. Given the sensitivity and widespread use of molecular tests on biopsies and preserved post-surgical tissues, we recommend that an STR multiplex used for forensic individualization be used prior to diagnostic tests to ensure the sample is from a single source.     

5F-UR-144的热不稳定性研究

目的利用气相色谱-质谱法(GC-MS)、液相色谱-四级杆-飞行时间质谱(LC-Q-TOF/MS)和核磁共振光谱法(NMR)研究合成大麻素5F-UR-144遇热分解的具体变化情况。方法对照品用无水乙醇定容稀释后,经GC-MS和LC-Q-TOF/MS检测得到对应的色谱图和质谱图;对照品分别于常温和280℃密封加热后用无水乙醇定容稀释,经LC-Q-TOF/MS和NMR检测得到对应的质谱图、¹H和¹³C核磁共振波谱;对照品分别于常温逐步提升至300℃密封加热后用无水乙醇定容稀释,经LC-Q-TOF/MS检测得到对应的色谱图。结果5F-UR-144在高温下会开环产生新的物质;5F-UR-144从130℃开始分解,随着温度升高分解程度提升,240℃时分解率达到98%;随着温度继续升高,超过260℃,分解产物会碳化。结论基于5F-UR-144的热不稳定性,在检测时应考虑若通过烫食方式吸食5F-UR-144,其进入人体的成分会发生变化;气相色谱或气相色谱-质谱法不适合定量检测5F-UR-144。     

Fresh challenges faced on the ground by the Kingdom of the Sky: A quest for peace,harmony and stability

This article argues that Lesotho’s landlocked position, which inhibits trade and results in enclaves of the poor, not only leads to its dependency on South Africa, but also contributes to its instability. It points out that destabilisation remains a problem in spite of Lesotho having served as an excellent model of peaceful transfer of power in a strengthened democratic arena under its 1993 Constitution, as the country had just celebrated 20 years of relative peace. However, despite the 1991 Windhoek Declaration military coups, violence, violation of both human rights and human security continue to contribute to instability in Lesotho, requiring the frequent intervention of the Southern African Development Community (SADC), and especially so following the attempted coup in 2014. Lesotho’s Coalition government, which is a prime-ministerial form of government, is discussed in some detail in this article. The role of peacekeeping forces is also examined. The article recommends demilitarisation as the only practical, viable and long term solution to the problem of recurring coups in this country. The authors conclude that a sustained campaign against corrupt activities by government, though laudable, has somewhat surprisingly served to weaken the foundation of the Coalition in Lesotho.     

原告资格判定中“保护规范说”和“实际影响说”的混用与厘清——兼评东联电线厂案再审判决

在东联电线厂案再审判决中,最高人民法院重申了刘广明案“保护规范说”的原理,但并未就产品质量法规范如何成为确定原告资格的规范充分说理。裁判认为被诉处罚已确认了产品质量处罚的要件事实,起诉人由此将可能受到产品质量行政处罚这一行政法上的不利影响。这强调了被诉处罚和产品质量行政处罚间事实上可能的因果关系,是“实际影响说”的体现。法院还指出了被诉机关线索移交的义务,并肯定了被诉处罚对于后一行政处罚的确认效力,客观上可补充因果关系的论证,但确认效力的实定法基础,以及给予预防性救济的必要性仍待证明。东联电线厂案再审判决在论证中混用了两种理论,反映了多次作为最高人民法院裁判原理的“保护规范说”的理论深度尚不足以应对疑难案件,也说明了“实际影响说”的影响力不可忽视。理论界和实务界应就我国原告资格具体疑难案件进行讨论,重视两种理论在应用中各自的发展,承认两者存在相互作用的可能,并回应来自对方角度的解释。     

Tax Disputes under Institutional Instability: Theory and Implications

This article aims to offer the first structural analysis of tax disputes under institutional instability using a core element of the international tax regime as an example. It offers a theory grounded on Mancur Olson's seminal contribution to group dynamics, the logic of collective action. It also suggests implications of this theory that might help to address key enforcement issues faced by the international tax regime in a frequent context worldwide: institutionally unstable countries.     

论住房保障体系的建设与构建和谐社会

该文基于住房保障体系建设与和谐社会构建的对应关系,分析了中国因房价而分化的社会贫富差异以及透析了房屋空置的深层次问题;针对房地产新政的配套实施与借鉴国外税制的成功经验,适时提出了以住房保障为基石,根除可能导致的两级分化并构建"和谐房产"的几点对策。     

暴力拆迁与暴力维权问题研究

本文针对目前社会上热议的暴力拆迁与暴力维权问题,从形而下与形而上两个层面对此问题进行了一番探讨与总结,分析了权利与权力之间、不同法律之间、各种利益之间及道德与技术之间等诸多关系的协调问题,并提出了笔者所认为的解决之道。