农村金融体制改革中的利率市场化研究

农村利率市场化改革是金融体制改革的一部分。以制度系统演化理论为基础,系统性地考察农村金融体制改革背景下利率市场化进程可分为三个阶段,各个阶段的改革内容及其特征各有差异。研究发现,农村金融机构对利率市场化的适应能力较差。进一步推进农村利率市场化改革既需要利率市场化改革的一般性条件,还需要结合农村金融市场特征,积极创造相关内外部条件。     

Unemployment,Guardianship, and Weekday Residential Burglary

The absence of a consistent positive effect of the unemployment rate on the crime rate is perplexing, but it may be partly due to the countervailing effect of guardianship. Using weekly state-level data and a pooled cross-sectional time-series research design, we investigate whether the unemployment rate influences residential burglary. This study contributes to the extant literature by distinguishing between weekday residential burglaries, or those burglaries that occur between the hours of 6 am to 6 pm on weekdays, from weeknight/weekend burglaries. If unemployment increases guardianship because previously employed individuals are now at home during the workday protecting their possessions, the expectation is that the unemployment rate will have an instantaneous negative effect on residential burglaries that transpire during normal working hours. Results buttress the logic associated with the guardianship thesis in that a rise in the unemployment rate only engenders a decrease in weekday residential burglaries.     

中国公司法人格否认制度实证研究

实证研究表明,我国的公司法人格否认制度已经在现实中得到了积极应用。我国的公司面纱刺破率明显高于国外,而且呈现逐年上升的态势。很多案件发生在经济欠发达地区,而且这些地区的刺破率整体上高于经济发达地区。目前所有公司法人格否认案件都针对股东数量很少的有限责任公司提起,而且股东人数越少,刺破率越高,涉及一人公司的面纱刺破率高达100%。与理论预测不同,我国涉及合同之债和侵权之债的案件在刺破率上并没有明显不同,而且在公司集团场合的刺破率不高反低。混同是最为常见的刺破理由,其中财产混同又适用最多,导致的刺破率也最高。     

Dating of Inkpad Seals Using the Extraction Rate Method: Preliminary Findings

Inkpad seals are often placed on important documents, and determining the date when a seal was affixed can be important to assess the authenticity of a document. In this study, three different brands of inkpads and four different types of paper were used to make diachronic samples of the seals. A double‐solvent extraction method was employed to date the inkpad seals by comparing extraction rates with inks of known age. Cyclohexane was selected as a weak solvent, and chlorobenzene was selected as a strong solvent. After testing, curves were created to show the relationship between the extraction percentage of ink and the date of the seals. The experimental results showed that the extraction rate method was applicable for the relative dating of inkpad seals in some cases where the seal was placed on the document within 6 months.     

HEART RATE AND ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOR: THE MEDIATING ROLE OF IMPULSIVE SENSATION SEEKING

Although a low resting heart rate is considered the best‐replicated biological correlate of antisocial behavior, the mechanism underlying this relationship remains largely unknown. Sensation‐seeking and fearlessness theories have been proposed to explain this relationship, although little empirical research has been conducted to test these theories. This study addressed this limitation by examining the relationship between heart rate and antisocial behavior in a community sample of 335 adolescent boys. Heart rate was measured during a series of cognitive, stress, and rest tasks. Participants also completed self‐report measures of state fear, impulsive sensation seeking, and both aggressive and nonaggressive forms of antisocial behavior. As expected, increased levels of aggression and nonviolent delinquency were associated with a low heart rate. Impulsive sensation seeking, but not fearlessness, significantly mediated the association between heart rate and aggression. This study is the first to show that impulsive sensation seeking partly underlies the relationship between aggression and heart rate, and it is one of the few to examine the mechanism of action linking heart rate to antisocial behavior. Findings at a theoretical level highlight the role of impulsive sensation seeking in understanding antisocial behavior and at an intervention level suggest it as a potential target for behavioral change.     

Confidence in an election authority and satisfaction with democracy: Evidence from a quasi-natural experiment of a failed election in Sweden

Contemporary research on electoral integrity has focused on the functioning, evaluation, and legitimacy of electoral processes in emerging democracies. By contrast, this study investigates whether a failed election in a well-established democracy can affect individuals' evaluations of the electoral management body, the Election Authority, and whether those evaluations affect satisfaction with democracy. Using the case of a Swedish regional election in 2010 that had to be rerun due to procedural mistakes in the vote handling, we found that, in the short term, individuals’ confidence in the Election Authority was reduced after it was announced that the election had to be rerun because of the mistakes. Subsequently, this decreased confidence was strongly associated with less satisfaction with democracy at the regional and national level. As good news for the authority, after a successful rerun election, confidence rebounded to the levels prior to the failed election.     

Fingerprint error rate on close non‐matches

The accuracy of fingerprint identifications is critically important to the administration of criminal justice. Accuracy is challenging when two prints from different sources have many common features and few dissimilar features. Such print pairs, known as close non‐matches (CNMs), are increasingly likely to arise as ever‐growing databases are searched with greater frequency. In this study, 125 fingerprint agencies completed a mandatory proficiency test that included two pairs of CNMs. The false‐positive error rates on the two CNMs were 15.9% (17 out of 107, 95% C.I.: 9.5%, 24.2%) and 28.1% (27 out of 96, 95% C.I.: 19.4%, 38.2%), respectively. These CNM error rates are (a) inconsistent with the popular notion that fingerprint evidence is nearly infallible, and (b) larger than error rates reported in leading fingerprint studies. We conclude that, when the risk of CNMs is high, the probative value of a reported fingerprint identification may be severely diminished due to an elevated false‐positive error risk. We call for additional CNM research, including a replication and expansion of the present study using a representative selection of CNMs from database searches.     

豆状囊尾蚴外泌体的分离鉴定及其对家兔免疫应答的调节作用

为探究豆状囊尾蚴外泌体对家兔免疫应答的调节作用,以收集的豆状囊尾蚴分泌排泄产物(ESP)为材料,通过差速离心法分离外泌体,经透射电镜和Western-blot分别对其形态和标志分子进行鉴定。分别用外泌体和ESP免疫家兔,ELISA方法检测家兔血清中特异性抗体和血清细胞因子水平,并通过人工攻虫感染评价其免疫保护效果。结果显示,豆状囊尾蚴外泌体直径为30~150 nm,呈圆形或椭圆形,有完整的脂质双分子层膜结构,且含有外泌体标志蛋白CD63。而且,外泌体免疫组血清特异性抗体、IL-10和IL-4的水平显著升高(P<0.05),而IFN-γ和TNF-α显著降低(P<0.05)或差异不显著。经剖检发现,豆状囊尾蚴ESP免疫组和外泌体免疫组的减虫率分别为65.17%和24.88%。结果表明,外泌体通过上调宿主抑炎因子的表达,诱导宿主产生了Th2型细胞免疫应答,从而有利于囊尾蚴在宿主体内的存活。     

刺激犬体表感受器对心脏表面神经元和心脏功能的影响

为了给“抑制死”提供实验根据和理论依据,模拟“抑制死”的体表刺激,用3.0kg触压麻醉开胸犬的心前区、剑突下,同步记录大右心房神经节丛神经元内单位放电的频数及心脏变时。变力性反应。静脉给入普来洛尔（1mg／kg）或阿托品（1mg／kg）及心脏急性会神经支配后,重复上述刺激。结果显示：触压犬心前区可直接引起心脏表面神经节丛内的副交感神经元兴奋,窦房结自律性降低,引起负性频率作用;在此基础上刺激兴奋心脏表面交感神经元可诱发室性心律失常。提示刺激心前区、剑突下引起的“抑制死”,不仅与迷走神经对心脏的抑制有关,可能还与交感神经元对心室的兴奋有关。     

The Reliability of Pattern Classification in Bloodstain Pattern Analysis,Part 1: Bloodstain Patterns on Rigid Non‐absorbent Surfaces

This study was designed to produce the first baseline measure of reliability in bloodstain pattern classification. A panel of experienced bloodstain pattern analysts examined over 400 spatter patterns on three rigid non‐absorbent surfaces. The patterns varied in spatter type and extent. A case summary accompanied each pattern that either contained neutral information, information to suggest the correct pattern (i.e., was positively biasing), or information to suggest an incorrect pattern (i.e., was negatively biasing). Across the variables under examination, 13% of classifications were erroneous. Generally speaking, where the pattern was more difficult to recognize (e.g., limited staining extent or a patterned substrate), analysts became more conservative in their judgment, opting to be inconclusive. Incorrect classifications increased as a function of the negatively biasing contextual information. The implications of the findings for practice are discussed.