20世纪80年代以来三次通货膨胀成因的比较研究

20世纪80年代以来.中国发生了1985年、1988-1989年,以及1993-1995年三次严重的通货膨胀.三次通货膨胀都是货币超量供应引发的.粗放式经济增长是引起投资冲动的重要原因:地方政府的投资热、行政干预是通货膨胀的助推器;需求拉动、成本推动是三次通货膨胀的共同原因,但在不同时期有不同表现;农业发展相对滞后是引发结构性通货膨胀的主要原因;国际因素对中国物价走势的影响不断加大.2008年下半年以来,全球经济面临着通货紧缩的成胁,但各国在应对金融危机中注入的大量资金,有可能成为下一轮通货膨胀的根源,因此,中国在防止通货紧缩的同时,还需警惕外部输入型通货膨胀的卷土重来.     

“I Had a Confidence Epiphany!”: Obstacles to Combating Post-Identification Confidence Inflation

Research shows that eyewitnesses often become more confident with their selections from a lineup over time, a problem labeled "confidence inflation." Wells et al. (1998) Law and Human Behavior, 22, 603-647 suggested that eyewitnesses provide a confidence statement immediately following their selection to capture an unadulterated measure of confidence. Three experiments tested the effectiveness of introducing such a statement to combat the effects of confidence inflation on mock-juror judgments. All experiments provided evidence that the attributions participants formed about the eyewitness' confidence inflation differentially impacted their judgments. Although mock-jurors generally discredited eyewitnesses who showed confidence inflation and sometimes lowered probability of guilt ratings for the defendant, a clear exception occurred when mock-jurors attributed the inflation to an epiphany. Use of post-identification confidence statements to decrease the impact of confidence inflation in the courtroom may be insufficient.