When trust matters—a multilevel analysis of the effect of generalized trust on political participation in 25 European democracies

Generalized social trust has been argued to have positive effects for both individuals and society, but despite solid theoretical arguments in favour of different contextual effects, the empirical evidence remains scant. We here examine whether and how the effect of generalized trust on the propensity to become politically active is moderated by the level of generalized trust in society. We inspect two different causal mechanisms: The rainmaker effect, which entails that the effect of generalized trust is weaker at the individual level when there is a high level of generalized trust in society; and the sunmaker effect, which entails that the effect of generalized trust is strengthened by a high level of generalized trust in society. We examine the links for three forms of political participation: voting, institutionalized participation, and non-institutionalized participation. The data come from the fourth round of the European Social Survey from 2008 [European Social Survey. (2008 European Social Survey. (2008). Data file edition 4.0. Norwegian Social Science Data Services, Norway – Data Archive and distributor of ESS data. [Google Scholar]). Data file edition 4.0. Norwegian Social Science Data Services, Norway—Data Archive and distributor of ESS data], and we include 47,489 respondents in 25 democratic countries. The results from a series of multilevel logistic regressions suggest that the effect of generalized trust varies depending on the level of generalized trust in the surrounding community but the causal mechanisms differ for different kinds of political participation.     

作为劳动基准的个人信息保护

劳动者的个人信息保护问题存在特殊之处,具体表现为资强劳弱和人格从属性背景下知情同意规则的失灵、工作数字化后劳动者被透视和被操控的风险、有组织生产的合作关系中个人信息处理的需要,因此不能完全适用《个人信息保护法》的一般规则。劳动基准法已经纳入立法规划,在其中就劳动者个人信息保护做专门规定,这是对数字时代人权保护新挑战的回应,对于其他劳动基准的实现也有重要意义。在劳动关系中仅遵循私法路径不足以保护个人信息,还需要配备公权力保障,劳动基准法的双重保护机制也契合了这一需求。作为劳动关系中保护个人信息的特别法,劳动基准法的相应条款应该考虑如何对一般规则进行调整,包括限制知情同意规则的适用,满足人力资源管理的正当需求,修改删除权、可携带权和自动化决策条款,协调主管机构、救济方式和法律责任。由于"必需"是一个语境依赖型概念,将来还应该通过配套文件来规制工作场所的视频监控等典型的应用场景。     

Quo vadis information society? Notification of draft rules on e-services in the EU

From its inception the European legislator has adopted a mixed approach to the regulation of a novel and complex phenomenon of the Internet based commerce. The idea of harmonisation or approximation of laws has been accompanied by a parallel process of monitoring of draft laws pertaining to e-commerce, known as the notification procedure under 98/34/EC directive related to information society services. The aim of this paper is to analyse the notification principle in the light of the Notification Directive as well as the practice of states as evidenced by data gathered in a database of submitted drafts.     

Edem v. The Information Commissioner and The Financial Services Authority [2014] EWCA Civ 92

From time to time the Court of Appeal feels the need to steer inferior courts and tribunals away from an over-enthusiastic application of a particular direction of travel signposted by its own previous decisions. In the Edem judgment, published on 7 February 2014, the court has taken the opportunity to restrict significantly the application of its decision more than a decade ago in Durant v. Financial Services Authority, ¹ a case that has been relied on by many commercial data protection practitioners to deny subject access or the wider application of the Data Protection Act 1998 on the grounds that the data were not personal in that they did not relate to the individual in question even though the individual's name appeared as part of the data.     

物证的多元检验及信息综合利用

高科技发展促进物证检验技术进步,突破了物证检验的瓶颈,大大拓宽了物证检验的范围。大力推进物证检验工作思维创新,促进物证检验工作方式的转变,应由以往传统的单一物证检验分析的模式,向多元检验分析、综合检验分析模式转变,围绕着物证的来源背景、时空变化等信息进行深度的、综合性的检验,将检测到的所有物证信息进行研判,结合案情和现场情况,对物证信息进行综合应用。这样才能为案件的侦查和诉讼提供更准确全面的证据信息。     

GHETTOS,THRESHOLDS, AND CRIME: DOES CONCENTRATED POVERTY REALLY HAVE AN ACCELERATING INCREASING EFFECT ON CRIME?*

Theories make varying predictions regarding the functional form of the relationship between neighborhood poverty and crime rates, ranging from a diminishing positive effect, to a linear positive effect, to an exponentially increasing or even threshold effect. Nonetheless, surprisingly little empirical evidence exists testing this functional form. This study estimates the functional form of the relationship between poverty and various types of serious crime in a sample of census tracts for 25 cities, and it finds that a diminishing positive effect most appropriately characterizes this relationship whether estimating the models nonparametrically or parametrically. Only for the crime of murder does some evidence exist of an accelerating effect, although this occurs in the range of 20 to 40 percent in poverty, with a leveling effect on crime beyond this point of very high poverty. Thus, no evidence is found here in support of the postulate of scholars extending William Julius Wilson's (1987) insight that neighborhoods with very high levels of poverty will experience an exponentially higher rate of crime compared with other neighborhoods.     

EU update

This is the latest edition of Baker & McKenzie’s column on developments in EU law relating to IP, IT and telecommunications. This article summarises recent developments that are considered important for practitioners, students and academics in a wide range of information technology, e-commerce, telecommunications and intellectual property areas. It cannot be exhaustive but intends to address the important points. This is a hard copy reference guide, but links to outside websites are included where possible. No responsibility is assumed for the accuracy of information contained in these links.     

European national news

The regular article tracking developments at the national level in key European countries in the area of IT and communications – co-ordinated by Herbert Smith LLP and contributed to by firms across Europe. This column provides a concise alerting service of important national developments in key European countries. Part of its purpose is to compliment the Journal’s feature articles and briefing notes by keeping readers abreast of what is currently happening “on the ground” at a national level in implementing EU level legislation and international conventions and treaties. Where an item of European National News is of particular significance, CLSR may also cover it in more detail in the current or a subsequent edition.     

论经济犯罪侦查信息

侦查学基础理论关注对侦查情报的研究,但是鲜有论及侦查信息,从概念指向而言,侦查信息和侦查情报不能等同。信息时代,深入研究侦查信息已经成为一种必然趋势。在经济犯罪侦查领域,研究经济犯罪侦查信息可以帮助侦查主体培养正确的侦查思维,帮助侦查主体树立信息意识和证据意识,帮助侦查主体灵活选择侦查模式,同时还可以正确引导侦查决策。深入研究经济犯罪侦查信息理论对于经济犯罪侦查实务工作也会产生影响,其集中体现在建立和完善经济犯罪侦查协作机制、建立经济犯罪情报系统和建立经济侦查专门队伍三方面。     

视频图像侦查中视频信息内容分析初探

视频信息内容分析是视频图像侦查的重要内容之一。围绕案件相关要素来搜寻和发现涉案的视频图像资料,能为视频信息内容分析提供良好的基础。然后紧密围绕涉案人员图像、涉案车辆图像、涉案物品图像进行分析,并将获取的相关信息应用与侦查实践。