政府改革困境的制度结构性视角分析

目前,政府改革已成为我国经济改革和社会改革的关键,迫切需要我们深刻把握政府改革的规律.然而在现实中,政府改革面临着严重的实施困难,政府职能转变与政府机构改革双重不到位.从"国家悖论"与"政府失灵"理论出发,一般认为,政府改革面临的困境往往是由于政府制度变迁中制度供给主体缺失造成的,在理论上形成了难以深入分析的死结,也无助于政府改革的推进.认为,政府的角色冲突不是政府改革困境的根源和本质,而只是在考虑整体制度间均衡时的结果,忽略了政府的结构性特征;借鉴了公共管理理论中的政治家-官僚分析范式,以结构性分析的思路为主线,拓展了政府改革的两方博弈框架.从而认为政府改革困境的本质是政治家与官僚间在政府改革中的目标冲突与信息不对称;并分析了阻碍政府改革顺利推进的路径依赖效应与改革激励不足的问题.指出,要打破政府改革面临的困境,可以从改革的社会沟通与激励,财政约束,官僚机构的偏好与理念,以及全面长效监督等方面着手.     

论有关环境保护的刑事立法

在面临日益严峻的环境保护形势的情况下,加强刑法在环境保护中的作用已是刻不容缓。加强有关环境保护的刑事立法首先要更新理念,即在尊重生态学规律的基础上将生态价值纳入刑法保护范围。其次,在借鉴他国有关环境保护的刑事立法经验的基础上,刑事实体法要将一定时期内被环境行政主管部门处罚两次以上的违法行为定罪处罚,增加部分罪名,扩大刑法保护的环境要素范围,适度增加危险犯的规定,并扩大财产刑的适用范围。而刑事程序法可以考虑实行环境保护专家陪审制。     

当前我国环境保护政策述评——基于政策科学视角的分析

环境保护是我国的一项基本国策。经过多年的发展,我国已形成了包括三大政策和八项制度的环境保护政策体系。这些政策对我国的环境保护工作起到了重要的促进作用,但在执行过程中也面临着一些问题。本文从政策科学的角度分析我国的环境保护政策并据此提供政策建议。     

当前中国在周边安全环境中面临的挑战

当前,中国的周边安全环境较为严峻,表现为:美日同盟深化,中日关系紧张,中国在中美日三角中处境不容乐观;美印关系实现新突破,日印相互借助,美日印“新三角”发展态势令人关注;“法理台独”威胁进一步增大,美日台三边安全“准同盟”暗流涌动;美朝矛盾加剧,致使“朝核”久拖不决,美韩、美蒙关系的发展为东北亚局势增添新的变数;伊朗核问题临近“摊牌”对中国的挑战。总之,大国互动、“台独”、核扩散是中国在周边安全环境中面临的三大挑战。     

高等学校不作为的可诉性探讨

虽然司法实践中学校已经被纳入司法审查的范围,但是对于学校的法律地位的界定在理论界仍然存在着争论,不管是特殊的民事主体理论,还是法律法规授权的组织理论都存在一定的局限性,对该问题难以自圆其说。这其中有一些高校不作为的情形:拒发毕业证、学位证等,由于表现形式多样,进行相应的司法救济和要求国家赔偿虽然非常必要但也有很多困难,因此借鉴其他国家的公务法人理论有助于我国较好地解决该问题,为司法实践工作提供理论上的依据,也符合我国进行的事业单位改革的方向。     

“Here we give advice for free”: the functioning of plant clinics in Rwanda

Although plant clinics are considered an important mechanism in the service delivery to farmers, not much is known about their functioning in the daily reality of plant doctors and farmer-clients. This article reports on an exploratory study describing the functioning of eight plant clinics in Rwanda. Personal and organisational commitment, publicity, and proactive communication with farmers and local leaders are key factors explaining higher attendance of some clinics. Farmer attendance is under-reported by 40–50%. Data management needs improvement to make clinic records reliable tools for decision-makers. This type of assessment can help improve operations and realise the plant clinics’ potential.     

Supporting farmer participation in formal seed systems: lessons from Tharaka,Kenya

This article examines contemporary challenges of formal seed sector participation for resource-poor farmers in Tharaka and engages in a wider discussion of national seed policy and formal seed sector development in Kenya. While many farmers reported utilising modern seed varieties developed by the formal seed sector, the majority of these were introduced through seed aid and maintained through seed saving, supporting seed system integration strategies. Building on these findings, the article discusses ways in which national seed policy in Kenya might be refined to better meet national and regional development goals focused on decreasing the incidence of hunger and poverty.     

从国内、国际政治的角度解析东南亚环境的困境与机遇

本文旨在从国内政治和国际政治的角度探析东南亚环境困境的根源与出路。东南亚曾被认为是全球环境的模范区,但如今的东南亚也是全球环境恶化浪潮下的重灾区。区域内国家重发展、轻环保的决策思路,以及普遍存在的腐败与行政低效率是导致环境恶化的国内原因。而国际市场对源自东南亚的、以消耗资源为主的产品的高度需求,以及需求国政府有意、无意地忽视过度消费资源类产品对东南亚环境的负面影响,则是导致东南亚环境恶化的国际原因。因此,解决东南亚环境困境仍需要内、外两方面的努力——发达国家为东南亚发展中国家提供必要的资金与技术援助,区域内国家在决策中注意环保,并遏制腐败、提高行政效率,这些都有助于改善东南亚的环境困境。     

One-stop border posts and informal livelihoods in Busia,Kenya

‘One-stop border posts’ (OSBP) are being developed on East African trade corridors to support growth in cross-border trade in the region. This article presents a household survey examining the impact of the OSBP at Busia on the Kenya–Uganda border on the livelihoods of informal traders and workers. It finds positive effects through enhanced access to cross-border trade. However, it also finds negative effects, including reduced work opportunities for unskilled manual workers. Further research is needed into the long-term effects on the price and foreign exchange differentials which currently incentivise the informal trade, before the effects can be fully assessed.     

Connecting smallholders with dynamic markets: a market information service in Zambia

Commodity markets have changed significantly in the past two decades, with smallholders increasingly requiring robust market intelligence to understand and secure benefit from the new environment. This article explores the approach to, and lessons stemming from, an IFAD-financed market information service in Zambia. It finds that by locating the service within a pre-existing institution with legitimacy and credibility, the service has secured the interest of a wide range of actors, and has better enabled smallholders and traders to access and utilise relevant, up-to-date, and actionable information to shape decision-making. The article concludes by discussing the key considerations that shaped the institutional analysis, and the issues that will influence the financial sustainability of the service.