城乡二元结构问题的制度分析与对策反思

日益突出的城乡二元结构的矛盾,已经成为国民经济协调发展的一大障碍。如何解决这一复杂的现实问题成为我国现阶段的重大任务。现有的研究文献大多停留在经济分析的层面,忽视了城乡二元结构问题的制度基础。事实上,欲从根本上解决我国的城乡二元结构问题,必须对城乡二元结构的制度基础及客观现实有一个清醒的认识,以此为基础采取相应的政策举措;以制度分析为视角,阐述了我国城乡二元结构问题的历史成因,并具体分析了现阶段城乡二元结构问题的制度结构。在剖析政府现有相关政策缺陷的基础上,提出了框架性的对策建议。     

国家·制度·法——一个制度经济学的视角

在经济学的视野下 ,博弈工具论证了代表法律制度强制力的政府的出现降低了界定和保护产权的费用 ,从而使产权安排得到普遍的尊重 ,但政府并不是合约交易的前提 ,而是合约交易规模经济的结果。政府的出现也是一个交易活动的历史演变过程。博弈模型的继续扩展和现实运用 ,有助于对政府的类型及政府机会主义进行剖析 ,从而推导出契约论宪法观及法治的内核及意义。     

县域工业企业物流组织结构的发展分析

市场经济和信息的发展,计算机技术和电子商务的应用,是县域工业企业组织结构变革的重要原因;传统的按职能设置的企业组织结构形式不能适应工业企业物流发展是县域工业企业组织结构变革的主要原因;针对县域工业企业组织结构中存在的问题,提出加快县域工业企业物流组织结构发展的路径。     

制度变迁方式的经典模型及其知识驱动性多维断移分析框架

基于文献整合分析,研究发现从变迁可控性、主体、速率、选择条件、供给方式以及变迁方向六个角度可将制度变迁方式划分为六组经典论述:(1)设计性与自发性;(2)单体主导性和多元互动性;(3)革命性与渐进性;(4)理性选择性与偏好选择性;(5)强制性与诱致性;(6)退化性与进步性.将以上内容和有关知识作用的分析综合起来就构成了...     

单位制下的民主:兼论企业民主制度的创新

在单位制研究中,企业民主制度长期被忽略,实际上,在国有企业中,企业民主制度是单位制下所形成的庇护体制的重要因素。在国有企业中,权威结构并不是纯粹的,而是与企业民主制度交织在一起,形成一种＂权威的循环＂。这种权威不仅要借助民主来强化自身的合法性,也要通过民主动员的方式进行组织激励,达到组织目的,从而在国有企业这一基层社会组织中将发展生产和社会整合紧密地结合在一起。     

农村公共产品供给制度创新与国际经验借鉴——以韩国新村运动为例

现阶段我国农村公共产品供给制度存在供给主体单一,责任不清,决策不合理及资金管理混乱、滥用、挪用等问题。根据我国的现实情况和借鉴韩国新村运动的经验,完善农村公共产品供给的职责范围、需求表达机制、科学决策机制及资金管理制度,是改善我国农村公共产品供给问题的路径选择。     

Investigating the Roots of Civic Morality: Trust, Social Capital, and Institutional Performance

In the last decade considerable research in social sciences has focused on interpersonal trust, treating it as a remedy for most maladies modern democracies suffer from. Yet, if others act dishonestly, trust is turned into gullibility, thus mechanisms linking interpersonal trust with institutional success refer implicitly to honesty and civic morality. This paper investigates the roots of civic morality. It applies hierarchical models to data from 38 countries, and tests the individual, community and structural explanatory factors. The results of the analysis point to the relevance of an institutional dimension, both in the form of individuals’ perceptions as well as the quality of governance: confidence in political institutions and their objective quality are the strongest predictors of civic morality. At the same time, the findings show that the recently popular claims about the importance of social capital for citizens’ moral standards are largely unfounded.

Planning,Budgeting, and Health Care Performance in Ukraine

Abstract

The Government of Ukraine has not pursued health care reforms now commonplace in the rest of Europe and Central/Eastern Europe that rely less upon centralized, state delivery of services and more on decentralized operational responsibilities and competition for services that increase patient choice. The Ukrainian health sector suffers from personnel overspecialization and facility overcapacity, resulting in high-cost, low productivity services. Budget funds are unavailable for operations and maintenance resulting in poor quality services. The state provides health care as a constitutionally-protected monopoly, relying on the traditional command and control model which ignores cost/quality competition options and responsibilities to patients. Overall, the system which produces these results is over-centralized, requiring achievement of physical service norms without providing sufficient funds. The centralized system does not monitor or evaluate services beyond narrow financial accountability and control requirements. The health care system is paradoxically over-centralized but unable to regulate or control local health care official decisions to ensure compliance with national standards. Needed are reforms in the health care policy and operational areas to produce the supply of services needed for national economic recovery. In the short-term, the budgetary framework can be improved as an operational/management guide through development of comparative information on results. Most of this information can be based on the economic classification consistent with the chart of accounts. Funding stability can be increased to improve expenditure control by implementing a new fiscal transfer formula that provides discretion (i.e., block grants) and performance criteria (i.e., outcome measures). In the medium-term, building on the technical foundation of physical norms and statistical reporting, the health care budgeting and financial management system should shift emphasis to: program planning, policy and management analysis, and public communications. The results of these reforms should lead to decentralized health care operations, service analysis, and delivery responsibilities. At the same time, the reforms should lead to proper centralization of responsibilities for strategic policy decisions, safety regulation, national standards, and program evaluation.     

The determinants of foreign direct investment inflows in the Central and Eastern European Countries: The importance of institutions

This study investigates the determinants of FDI inflows in six Central and Eastern European countries (CEEC) by incorporating the traditional factors and institutional variables over the 1996–2009 period. The study identifies whether and how these determinant factors differ across four investor countries (EU-15, the US, China, and Japan). The results verify the positive and economically significant role of GDP size, trade openness, EU membership, and institutions (measured by economic freedoms, state fragility, political rights, and civil liberties indices) on FDI inflows. The results also reveal the existence of notable differences in the determinant factors across four investor countries.     

Defying “the pervasive bias” against African smallholders: identifying entry points for institutional change

African smallholders face few opportunities that can be captured through new technologies alone. Analysis of the institutional context in which they work opens new pathways for innovation. This article synthesises nine studies that attempted such analysis. Using mixed appraisal methods, the studies identify institutional conditions that explain the, often unsatisfactory, outcomes of smallholders, as well as entry points for changing them. Instead of at the farm or community levels, Participatory Innovation System Analysis seeks at higher levels to identify actors, networks and mechanisms that maintain or can change the “pervasive bias against the small farm sector” in SSA.

Défier le « biais omniprésent » à l'encontre des petits cultivateurs africains: identifier les points d'entrée pour les changements institutionnels

Les petits cultivateurs africains ont à leur disposition peu d'opportunités qui puissent être saisies par le seul biais des nouvelles technologies. Une analyse du contexte institutionnel dans lequel ils travaillent ouvre de nouvelles voies pour l'innovation. Cet article synthétise neuf études qui ont tenté une analyse de ce type. À l'aide de méthodes d’évaluation mixtes, les études identifient les conditions institutionnelles qui expliquent les résultats, souvent insatisfaisants, obtenus par les petits cultivateurs, ainsi que les points d'entrée pour les modifier. Au lieu de le faire aux niveaux des exploitations ou des communautés, l'Analyse participative des systèmes d'innovation cherche à identifier à des niveaux supérieurs les acteurs, réseaux et mécanismes qui maintiennent ou peuvent modifier le « biais omniprésent à l'encontre du secteur des petits cultivateurs » en Afrique sub-saharienne.

Cuestionando “el prejuicio persistente” contra los pequeños productores africanos: identificando puntos de abordaje para lograr el cambio institucional

No existen muchas oportunidades de desarrollo dependientes exclusivamente del uso de tecnologías nuevas que puedan ser explotadas por los pequeños productores de África. El análisis del contexto institucional en el que éstos trabajan permite abrir nuevas vías para la innovación. El presente artículo sintetiza nueve estudios que realizaron dicho análisis. A partir del uso de distintos métodos de valoración, dichos estudios identificaron las condiciones institucionales que explican los resultados —a menudo insatisfactorios— obtenidos por los pequeños productores y señalan los puntos de abordaje para mejorar tales resultados. En vez de ser aplicado a nivel de parcela o de comunidad, el Análisis Participativo de Innovación de Sistemas procura identificar a aquellos actores, redes y mecanismos existentes a niveles superiores que pueden mantener o transformar el “perjuicio persistente contra el sector de las pequeñas parcelas” en el África Subsahariana.

Desafiando o “preconceito difundido” contra os pequenos proprietários africanos: identificando portas de entrada para mudança institucional

Os pequenos produtores africanos possuem poucas oportunidades que só podem ser aproveitadas com novas tecnologias. A análise do contexto institucional no qual eles trabalham abre novos caminhos para a inovação. Este artigo sintetiza nove estudos que visaram tal análise. Utilizando métodos de avaliação mistos, os estudos identificam condições institucionais que explicam os resultados, frequentemente insatisfatórios, de pequenos produtores, além de portas de entrada para modificá-los. Em vez dos níveis rurais ou comunitários, a Análise Participativa do Sistema de Inovação busca em níveis mais altos identificar agentes, redes e mecanismos que mantêm ou podem mudar o “preconceito difundido contra o setor dos pequenos produtores rurais” na África Subsaariana.