隐喻的含义与解读——基于戴维森隐喻理论的考察

本文对戴维森关于隐喻的含义和理解的思想进行了探讨。戴维森否认有所谓的隐喻意义这种东西。他认为,隐喻是人们富有想象地使用语词和语句的产物;隐喻与普通言说的区别在于使用而非意义;理解一个隐喻就是在做出一个隐喻,对隐喻的解释如同对梦的解析一样,它既是对梦者一方的反映,也在同样程度上是对解释者一方的反映。     

‘Telling our Way of Life': Modes of Mediating Social Life in German and Polish Primary-School Textbooks

The events of 1989-1991 in Central and Eastern Europe brought political and economic changes to the post-Communist societies, which required them to redraw the social and psychological maps of their countries and carried with them the promise of partaking in the 'Western way of life'. The introduction of liberalised ideologies, both at the official level and in most of the freed media, also had to be translated into the countries' education systems. New textbooks that would accommodate the new social and political realities had to be written. We are interested in this article in whether and how these new realities are reflected in primary-school teaching materials. For this paper, our analysis will focus on data from two current textbooks that are used in German and Polish primary schools, respectively. We shall be focusing particularly upon those units of the book aimed at defining or describing realities. Taking into account both linguistic and visual modes of representation, we are interested in revealing the 'way of life', the lived ideologies, constructed in these textbooks.     

浅论王宗炎语言学论著的隐喻特色

王宗炎的语言学论著有自己独特的风格,而他使用最多,给人印象最深的手法是隐喻辞格。他的隐喻有些是设喻新颖,不求形似求神同,有些是设喻通俗,寄托作者情怀,有些是先设喻,然后对喻体作进一步阐述等,但不论何种类型,本体和喻体在表面物理性质的差距都很大,而二者在深层上的相似点又十分机巧,耐人寻味。     

隐喻的认知视角与语境解读

隐喻不仅是一种修辞手段,更是一种重要的思维方式和认知工具。认知语言学从一个新的视角和高度来解释隐喻,为许多语言现象的理解提供了理据。从认知角度分析隐喻的本质、种类及影响其识破和理解的相关语境因素是一种有益的尝试。     

The WORSHIP II study: a pilot of psychodynamic interpersonal therapy with women offenders who self-harm

Abstract

The Women Offenders Self Harm Intervention Pilot II (WORSHIP II) study was conducted in three female prisons in England and piloted a treatment intervention for self-harm. WORSHIP II specifically aimed to reduce thoughts and actions of self-harm and suicide risk, through an evidence-based intervention Psychodynamic Interpersonal Therapy (PIT), which is also known as the conversational model. This paper provides an outline of this pilot evaluation of using the PIT approach in prison settings. Therapeutic obstacles associated with implementing WORSHIP II in a correctional environment are discussed, together with successful strategies to overcome these difficulties. Finally, examination of some of the quantitative outcomes suggests that WORSHIP II is a promising approach for this difficult area.     

当代隐喻学巡礼：回眸与沉思——写在《我们赖以生存的隐喻》付梓40周年之际

隐喻早在2500年前便已步入东西方学术研究的视野,更在人文社科研究的历史长河当中一直备受关注。以标志隐喻研究实现认知转向的《我们赖以生存的隐喻》一书付梓40周年为历史节点,充分梳理和评价已有概念隐喻理论、概念整合理论和词汇语用理论的三套代表性文献,同时从语料库检索和神经、心理实证探索两条路径出发,将当代隐喻理论跃升为当代隐喻学,提出一个较为浑圆完整、全方位的定义。从理论构建、研究方法、模态扩展、辞格归一、话语拓宽、语际对比和语言教学等七个方面沉淀和总结该学科目前仍然存在的漏洞与弊端,并在此基础上为将来隐喻研究的持续深入发展提供参考。     

School-based Stress Management Training for Adolescents: Longitudinal Results from an Experimental Study

This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of a school-based universal preventive stress management training program for early and middle adolescents in comparison with a no-treatment control group. The study examined the intervention effects of age (early versus middle adolescents) and gender on perceived stress, interpersonal coping, and self-efficacy prior, immediately after as well as 3 months after the intervention. Three hundred and twenty adolescents (ages 10–14 years) participated in the study. Whereas both experimental conditions did not differ substantially in baseline scores, the experimental group scored higher on perceived self-efficacy compared to the control group at the follow-up assessment. Additionally, the experimental group showed less perceived stress and more adaptive coping at the post and follow-up assessment. Age-dependent intervention effects suggested that early adolescents primarily benefited from the treatment. Although the effects must be replicated using a randomized design, the current findings reveal that the program does strengthen important protective factors for the psychosocial development of adolescents.

公共话语中隐喻语言的表意系统研究——基于隐喻的复杂系统分析法

隐喻语言是思维的载体，在公共话语中担任认知方式的表达媒介，是话语分析的重要考察对象。当前，多数聚焦隐喻的公共话语分析基于概念隐喻理论展开。相关研究从具身体验角度考察了公共话语中概念隐喻产生的心理过程，但未描写和解释语境中隐喻语言的表意网络创设。文章采用隐喻的复杂系统分析法，以英文报刊对金砖国家概念的隐喻构建为例，考察公共话语语境中隐喻语言的表意系统性。研究显示，隐喻语言在公共话语语境中自下而上形成系统隐喻、隐喻情节和隐喻叙事，三者环环相扣，受到话语目的、社会文化、语言语境及认知活动的交互施动。研究发现，隐喻的复杂系统分析法能有效捕捉语境中隐喻语言的协同表意，利于揭示公共话语中隐喻语言产生修辞论辩效果的复杂动因。     

The Karoo and eco-inflections of fracking: preliminary notes on literary imagination

The awareness of the “planet in peril” has never been more acute in a South African context than today, when the imminent extraction of shale gas through the process of hydraulic fracturing (known as “fracking”) in the Karoo has gained traction in the public mind. At least two broad dimensions are involved. The first, based on the logic of petro-modernity and its profligate culture, is framed within a seductive, neoliberal narrative of industrial progress and economic development. The second is framed as outright resistance to the inevitable environmental damage caused by this petro-industrial venture. This study reflects on how literature might intervene in this bipolar debate. Alfred Jackson’s Manna in the Desert, Pauline Smith’s The Little Karoo, and Etienne van Heerden’s “Poison Karoo” employ the trope of water to stimulate an ethical vision. Materially, water is imagined in its apparent scarcity as a feature of the delicate ecosystem of the Karoo, a vast arid landscape of drudgery, where life forms compete for the limited resource. Allegorically, water signifies as safely concealed, subterranean abundance. The Karoo, possessing more than its external features account for, is a place of beauty and mystical presence where life is sustained and preserved. It is within these significations that the environmental and social repercussion of fracking is inflected. Literature can bridge the divide between the narrative of progress and the counternarrative of ecological consciousness by way of highlighting their contradictions. But it also complicates these contradictions by valorizing their ethical potentiality.     

从认知角度看隐喻和转喻的功能差异

隐喻和转喻不仅是两种修辞格,而且是人类重要的两种思维方式;同时也是人类认识客观世界的认知方式。两者在修辞、认知、语义及社会功能上都有着区别。隐喻是以事物间的相似联想为心理基础,从一个领域投射到另一个领域的认知方式,其主要功能是对事物的描述;转喻是以事物间的邻近联想为基础,在同一认知域内用突显、易感知、易记忆、易辨认的部分代替整体或整体的其他部分,或用具有完形感知的整体代替部分,其主要功能是对事物的指称。