World Conservation Congress 2008: Climate Change,Islands, and In-situ Conservation

The author participated in the IUCN World Conservation Congress (5–14 October 2008), both the Forum events and pre-selected Learning Sessions, including forest carbon inventory, and multilateral negotiations. The sessions highlighted the importance of multidisciplinary approaches and of treating indigenous knowledge as seriously as rigorous hard science. The gravity of climate change was fully recognised. Success stories gave important encouragement and knowledge-capital for conservation, while case studies showed that protected areas should be made as diverse and harmonious as the human landscape that they are affecting.     

Redefining development for national security: implications for civil society

The effects of counter-terrorism legislation on civil-society organisations (CSOs) based in the South have received little attention in the wider literature. This article reports on the findings of a series of international workshops to examine the effects of such legislation, held in Lebanon, the Kyrgyz Republic, India, the Netherlands, the UK, and the USA. The evidence presented at these workshops suggests that counter-terror legislation is undermining the work of civil society in complex and interrelated ways.     

论冲突中的道德和法律

道德和法律的冲突来源于道德的多元化。在专制主义下 ,道德和法律的冲突的调整方式是取消冲突或放任冲突。这两种方式被历史证明是行不通的。适度冲突论是解决道德和法律冲突的设想 ,目的就是要在二者适度的冲突中推动法治不断地进步。     

Factor Structure and Reliability of the Revised Conflict Tactics Scales for Incarcerated Female Substance Abusers

Incarcerated women with a history of substance abuse often experience intimate partner violence (IPV), both as victims and as perpetrators. The issues surrounding partner violence and substance abuse are complex, and accurate assessment of this population's experience is critical to ensure proper treatment planning and program development. One of the most common instruments with which to measure IPV is the Conflict Tactics Scales (CTS). Unfortunately, very little published data exist on the revised version of the Conflict Tactics Scales (CTS2), and no data could be located in the literature using this scale with incarcerated women. The purpose of this investigation was to examine the underlying factor structure and reliability of the CTS2 for 359 incarcerated women who had voluntarily participated in a 1–year long substance abuse treatment program. Item analysis revealed a high level of reliability for the overall scale as well as for the individual subscales. Additionally, results from the confirmatory multiple group factor analysis support the 5 underlying subscales, and taken together indicate that the scale is acceptable to use with this population.     

国际私法的统一化刍议

随着科学技术的发展以及全球化的影响 ,国际私法呈现出统一化的趋势。国际私法的统一不仅包括冲突规范的统一 ,还包括各国实体民法的统一。国际私法的统一化给国际私法带来了巨大的挑战。我国国际私法的立法必须在立足我国特殊情况的前提下借鉴国际社会的普遍实践。     

准确适用准据法的精巧设置:识别制度功能驳正——兼析《中华人民共和国民法典(草案)》第九编之规定

识别是依据选定的某一法律将国际民商事案件的事实归入一定的法律范畴的过程,在这个意义上它为国际私法所特有。但由于对识别制度何以存在的定位失准,传统国际私法将识别作为限制外国法适用的工具,模糊了其真正的功能。识别制度是保证准据法得以准确适用的精巧设置,因此在可能的情况下应优先依据准据法进行识别。随着国际私法中冲突正义与实质正义元素日趋平衡,识别制度将朝着更加灵活化的方向发展。     

对中东和平进程的回顾与思考

阿拉伯和犹太两个民族为争夺生存空间长期对峙,军事冲突不断。根据联合国181号决议,以色列国于1948年5月4日宣布成立。以建国后,阿以矛盾进一步激化。经过几十年的较量,阿拉伯国家失去了越来越多的土地,以色列虽然占领了更多的阿拉伯土地,但并未因此得到和平。从长远来看,不管今后局势如何复杂多变,不管和平进程如何曲折漫长,和平战略仍是阿以双方的理性选择,符合时代发展的主流。正如有人所说中东和平进程是一列单向行驶的火车,可以暂停,可以后退几步,但不会向后行驶。     

Systemic interaction opportunities and war behavior∗

State leaders must often address domestic and foreign-policy concerns simultane-ously, though doing so can be complicated and risky. One way in which leaders can seek to satisfy domestic demands and pursue foreign policy goals simultaneously is by implementing policies that complement one another; i.e., the implementation of one policy influences the ease with which the other policy can be implemented. For instance, one manner in which leaders can placate domestic audiences is via distributive policies such as social insurance payments that provide economic security to individuals. By providing economic security guarantees, leaders may gain greater discretion over other policy areas, including foreign policy. However, while the social insurance effort may satisfy an audience and enable a leader to take foreign- policy action, especially high payment levels may indicate that a leader must devote an inordinate portion of his budget to domestic concerns, making foreign policy more difficult to implement. Thus, guarantees of economic security might provide leaders with greater foreign policy latitude until domestic expenditures reach sufficient levels that foreign-affairs budgets are reduced. We employ zero-inflated event count models to estimate the relationship between social-insurance levels and the number of Militarized Interstate Disputes in which states engage. Our analyses include 69 states between 1975 and 1990. Our models support the hypothesis that lower levels of social insurance lead to greater numbers of disputes, but that, after a certain level of insurance effort is passed, dispute involvement declines. Our findings suggest a differential effect of social insurance on a leader's ability to act in the foreign policy arena and support the notion that leaders may employ the welfare state to enhance their foreign-policy capabilities, though they appear to meet with conditional and limited success.     

论国际环境损害责任制度的重构——基于国际私法的视角

在国际环境法的现行体系中，“国际环境损害责任”问题可以说是最薄弱的环节。在众多的国际环境条约中，“国际环境损害责任”大多以软法的形式表现出来，欠缺实质上的约束力。对有限的硬法性质的规定，也是以“国家责任”的形式体现，缺乏实际的执行力。这种实然状态下的国际环境损害责任制度远远不能满足人们保护生态环境的需要。因而，以往国际环境损害责任制度中国家责任的惟一性，已经不能适应社会发展的节奏，国际环境损害责任多元化乃是一种必然的发展趋势。     

革命·改革·和谐社会建构——马克思主义语境中的中国社会发展路径选择

随着科学发展观的提出,我们党形成了科学发展与社会和谐内在统一的崭新思路和社会建设与发展的路径,科学发展与社会和谐具有内在统一性。以科学发展观为指导推进社会主义社会的发展,使得经济社会发展的指导思想和路径选择更加符合时代的要求和社会主义现代化建设的实际。