住宅小区车位、车库的性质及其权利归属研究——兼评《物权法》第74条

住宅小区车位、车库具有构造上、使用上和法律上的独立性,在性质上属于建筑物区分所有权的专有部分,可以成为建筑物区分所有权的客体。不能依车位、车库的建筑面积是否计入商品房的公摊面积或者车位、车库的建造成本是否摊入住宅开发成本来判断车位、车库的权利归属,也不能依开发商与业主之间的约定来确定车位、车库的权利归属。车位、车库应由业主法定地共有。     

英美土地开发权制度比较研究及借鉴

英国实行土地开发权国有化,即任何对土地的再开发行为必须向国家购买土地开发权.英国的土地开发权具有公有性质,其与土地中属于地主原来已依法取得的私有产权,合成土地财产权的全部.美国实行土地开发权私有化,形成了私人间买卖开发权制度和国家购买私人土地开发权制度.美国实行私人间土地开发权移转的目的有四:保存古迹、保存开放空间、实行土地使用规划管制及鼓励兴建中低收入者住宅.美国实行国家购买土地开发权的目的是为了保护农地、环境敏感地带和历史古迹.我国的土地开发权应当归属于土地所有权人.我国土地开发权的实现应当采取土地开发权移转和国家购买土地开发权相结合的方式,并结合国情实现土地开发权利益的公平分享.     

Shareholder Primacy and the Distribution of Wealth

In recent years a growing consensus has emerged in favour of the shareholder-oriented model of the corporation. Increasingly, this model is justified not on the basis of shareholder ownership rights but on efficiency grounds: whoever the immediate and direct beneficiaries of shareholder-orientation, it is argued, it ultimately indirectly benefits everyone by ensuring the maximization of aggregate social wealth. The prevalence of this view has caused the distributional dimensions of corporate governance to be neglected. This paper examines the distribution of share ownership and financial wealth in the US and the UK. Although share ownership has become more widely spread, it argues, it remains very heavily concentrated with the result that shareholder primacy is in reality the primacy of a small privileged elite. After an exploration of the contradictions of working class shareholding and the impact of greater shareholder-orientation on the distribution of wealth, the paper concludes by re-evaluating Hansmann and Kraakman's 'end of corporate history' thesis, arguing that recent developments represent a triumph not for efficiency but for the growing power of the shareholder class.     

乡镇集体土地所有权的变革路径探析

乡镇集体土地所有权直接源于过去的人民公社所有权。目前,乡镇集体土地所有权主体虚置和缺失,乡镇政府成为该所有权事实上的代表,导致乡镇政府职能混淆,公权与私权不分,也使基层干部“一大二公”思想难以消除,集权式管理模式在农村得以继续;而且这种所有权从管理成本、行使效果来看,其效益都极低,应予变革,将乡镇集体的土地分别实现国有、村集体、村民小组集体所有。     

Evaluations of candidates’ non-policy characteristics from issue positions: Evidence of valence spillover

Why do most winning candidates adhere to partisan orthodox positions? While some prior work has examined how issue positions signal candidate ideology, this paper instead focuses on how candidate issue positions affect evaluations of valence. In light of important inferential limitations in using the correlation between observed candidate positions and electoral performance to assess voter responses, we present a large-scale candidate vignette experiment that reveals issue positions affect perceptions of non-ideological characteristics. Candidates with only one of three positions that stray from the “typical” position for their party – being too extreme, bipartisan, or ideologically unusual – are perceived as less effective legislators. This suggests party-consistency may be reinforced by the electorate through changes in perceived valence, and that the observed correlation between candidate performance and issue positions might arise for reasons apart from ideology.     

A perfect match? The impact of statement selection on voting advice applications' ability to match voters and parties

This study examines how statement selection systematically affects the output of voting advice applications (VAAs). Does the statement selection influence how often voters are matched with parties that ‘should be’ close to them? Our benchmark is a classic account of issue voting, the proximity left–right model. We analyze the Belgian VAA Do the Vote Test and find that the output resembles the left–right model. When more left–right statements are included, more left-wing voters get the advice to vote for left-wing parties and the same is true on the right, while simultaneously advantaging parties with more extreme positions on this dimension. We also analyze issue saliency and find that parties are disadvantaged when more statements about salient issues are included. These findings imply tough choices for VAA builders.     

政府与国有银行股权改革：问题、经验与建议

在国有银行股权改革进程中,政府是制度变迁的启动者、提供者,国有银行股权改革体现了政府主导、自上而下、由表及里、渐进式的逻辑特点。由此形成的政府与银行间＂惯性控制＂与＂惯性依附＂的非同寻常＂关系＂对法律产生了＂挤出效应＂,致使法律边缘化、纸面化,即＂法律失灵＂。因此,完善国有银行股权结构,关键是要信守法治理念,清晰地界定政府之于银行的边界,取消政府利用银行体系实现政府广泛政策目标的做法,允许银行根据商业目标做出贷款决策。