民法典时代夫妻房产赠与纠纷中的司法判决冲突及解决

夫妻财产法律制度集合身份关系与财产关系两维价值,前者是后者产生的前提和基础。夫妻房产赠与纠纷争议虽呈单纯协约纠纷表象,实则关涉身份关系,现有裁判规则未妥善处理两者之间的关系。夫妻房产赠与协议的性质和裁判规则一直存在争议,其属于婚姻家庭法规定的一种夫妻财产约定,还是适用财产法的赠与行为规定,在司法判决中也存在大量同案异判现象。民法典时代,司法实践中婚姻家庭生活纠纷的解决既需在微观上审视司法解释的逻辑,又要在宏观上把握《民法典》各编的价值维度。《民法典》编纂中"民本"思想贯彻七编,确定了人身权利保护优于财产权利保护的基调。与单纯财产行为主体间的关系不同,婚姻家庭编强调夫妻间的忠诚、尊重、关爱及家庭成员间的"敬老爱幼"和"互相帮助"。解决家庭成员特别是夫妻间财产纠纷时,应优先考量当事人之间独特的身份因素和婚姻家庭的伦理价值,将夫妻房产赠与行为与单纯赠与合同行为区分开,纳入夫妻财产约定范畴。     

Vote choices of left-authoritarians: Misperceived congruence and issue salience

Often lacking parties with a corresponding profile, citizens with economically left and culturally authoritarian, or nationalist, policy orientations face a trade-off between congruence on economic and on cultural issues. How such left-authoritarian voters resolve this trade-off depends on which issues are more salient to them, previous research argues. We extend this line of research by considering the role of (mis-)perceived party positions. Using a survey in the context of the 2017 German election, we show how perceived congruence and issue importance interactively shape the left-authoritarian vote. Our findings indicate that many left-authoritarians vote for a party simply because they misperceive it to hold a congruent left-authoritarian position. In this case, issue importance matters little. Yet when voters are aware that parties match their position on only one dimension, vote choices are shaped by whether they care most about the economy or immigration. We discuss several implications.     

The politics of ownership in policymaking: lessons from healthcare delivery in post-conflict Timor-Leste

Abstract

This article examines the political economy of national ownership, focusing on the reconstruction of the healthcare system in post-conflict Timor-Leste in relation to the shift from aid dependence to oil dependence. Considering three main approaches to development policymaking, it argues that, from 2002, the government generally used patronage-based strategies that benefitted elite political networks, increasing corruption. Based on empirical research, the study demonstrates that, in several areas, the government of the Revolutionary Front for an Independent East Timor (2002–2007) could exercise some autonomous decision-making despite being heavily aid dependent. Later, under the National Congress for Timorese Reconstruction government (2007–2017), empowered by oil resources, elites had greater control over development. However, the creation of a ‘modern’ healthcare system was central to the elites’ political ideology, involving populist rather than patronage-based politics. Analysis of this research indicates that ownership regarding healthcare has become concentrated among powerful groups, while health professionals, who advocate a neoliberal approach, lack a political voice. Thus, the paper problematises the Paris Declaration’s focus on country ownership to ensure better aid delivery as unrealistic because ‘ownership’ becomes subject to contestation.     

Issue competition in Western Europe: an introduction

Abstract

The special issue introduced in this article presents the results of the Issue Competition Comparative Project (ICCP). The project uses issue yield theory to provide a general, comprehensive perspective on issue competition (party competition through issue strategy) that goes beyond the extant focus on specific parties or specific issues. Relying on voter surveys and Twitter data collected in the context of recent elections in six West European countries, we address several key research questions concerning issue competition: (a) whether the strategies of different parties are loyal to classic 20th-century ideological alignments or rather actively challenging them; (b) whether different parties opt for conflict-mobilization or problem-solving issue strategic approaches; (c) whether party adherence to the issue opportunities identified by issue yield theory are rewarded by better electoral performance.     

府际结构下领导注意力的议题分配与优先:基于公开批示的分析

注意力成为政策过程研究的关键要素,领导注意力的分配与优先性表达是理解政策变迁与体制运作的新维度。论文通过构建中央-省-市级政府首长的批示文本数据库,比较了府际间领导注意力在政策议题上分配的稳定性和多样性,并检验了议题优先性在中国府际结构中的呈现。研究结果表明:核心议题作为领导注意力焦点对其他议题具有挤出效应即存在议题优先性,并且随着领导层级的降低,其挤出效应愈发显著;府际间领导注意力在议题分配上的稳定性、多样性分别与领导层级呈现出正相关性,这亦与政府职责分工体系特点深刻关联;政治周期变化对于领导注意力变迁具有显著的“间断效应”。论文探索了多层次主体的注意力比较研究,为解释中国体制运作中的“议题优先”及其运作提供了注意力层面的证据。     

建筑物区分所有权语境下的停车位归属——对《物权法》第七十四条之再解释

依据我国《物权法》第74条及《最高人民法院关于审理建筑物区分所有权纠纷案件具体应用法律若干问题的解释》(以下简称《法释》)之有关条款,均无法判断建筑物区分所有权语境下的停车位归属。民法学说上常见的可能影响停车位归属的九个因素,可以类型化为行政判断说、约定归属说、投资受益说和空间关系说,但其中只有空间关系说具有合理性。比确认停车位归属更有现实意义的是对于处分停车位的限制,此种限制应遵循"对外优先,对内平等"原则。此外,基于规避土地增值税目的由开发商向税务机关做出的有关声明,不应作为判断停车位归属的根据。停车位使用权转让协议也不宜简单认定为无效。     

土地立法新探:以土地开发权为视角

我国的土地立法"重义务轻权利、重政府轻市场",缺少一种产权安排。我国的民事立法采用物权法定主义,尚未对土地开发权做出规定。通过创设土地开发权,可以将农地保护的正外部性内部化,激励农民保护农地,以推动土地用途管制制度的顺利实施。赋予农民集体土地开发权,可以保障农民参与土地增值利益的公平分享和实现土地利用管理中公权与私权以及私权与私权之间的平衡。我国土地开发权制度的实现应当采用开发权移转和国家购买开发权相结合的模式,同时要植根于我国的国情实现土地开发权的本土化。     

土地征收补偿标准的法经济学解读——兼论《物权法》第42条第2款及第132条之适用

现行法律未分别规定集体土地所有权及土地承包经营权的征收补偿标准,给《物权法》第42条第2款及第132条的适用带来了困惑。出于多方面因素考虑,集体土地征收应采取"二元化"的补偿模式;基于法经济学分析,在未设置土地承包经营权的假设下,集体土地所有权征收应以其市场交易的均衡价格作为补偿标准;家庭土地承包经营权征收应分别采用年平均产值、失地农民转业培训标准、居民社会保障标准,作为其收入、就业及社会保障效用减损的补偿标准;其他土地承包经营权征收应以延期收益损失作为补偿标准;分别考量未设置土地承包经营权的集体土地所有权征收补偿标准及土地承包经营权征收补偿标准,即可确定已设置土地承包经营权的集体土地所有权之征收补偿标准。     

Telling more than they can know? Does the most important issue really reveal what is most important to voters?

Recent British Election Studies have asked respondents to nominate ‘the most important issue’. Responses to this question have been used to explain individual vote decisions and characterise the issue-component of those elections. This paper, however, finds limited evidence that individuals place more weight on those issues that they report as ‘most important’ when they vote. It also finds that aggregate responses to the MII question broadly match the estimated ‘average’ impact of those issues on voters. This suggests that even if voters have a limited understanding of what issues matter to themselves they have some understanding of what makes their fellow voters tick.     

上市公司股权结构、股东行为与治理绩效问题实证分析

本文利用上市公司年报数据分析描述了上市公司股权构成、股权集中度、股东行为的特征,并在此基础上验证了三者与公司绩效之间关系的研究假设。结果表明,国家股、法人股没有表现出其与公司绩效的显著相关关系;流通股对公司绩效也不存在显著的相关关系。股权集中程度越高公司绩效越差。股东参与公司治理的积极性与公司绩效之间存在正相关关系。