4F‐MDMB‐BINACA: A New Synthetic Cannabinoid Widely Implicated in Forensic Casework

This is the first report regarding the characterization of the new synthetic cannabinoid 4F‐MDMB‐BINACA. 4F‐MDMB‐BINACA was first analytically confirmed in seized drug material using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC‐MS), liquid chromatography–quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (LC‐QTOF), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Subsequent to this characterization, 4F‐MDMB‐BINACA was detected in biological specimens collected as part of forensically relevant casework, including medicolegal death investigations and drug impaired driving investigations, from a variety of regions in the United States. Further analysis of biological specimens resulted in the identification of the metabolites 4F‐MDMB‐BINACA 3,3‐dimethylbutanoic acid and 4‐OH‐MDMB‐BINACA. 4F‐MDMB‐BINACA is appearing with increasing frequency as a contributory factor in deaths, creating morbidity and mortality risks for drug users. Laboratories must be aware of its presence and impact, incorporating 4F‐MDMB‐BINACA into workflows for detection and confirmation.     

The Secret Agent,International Policing,and Anarchist Terrorism: 1900–1914

An unprecedented expansion of global anti-terrorist policing took place after 1900, although the security forces projected outside their borders by Russia, Italy, Germany, Austria-Hungary, Spain, and Argentina displayed an enormous diversity in size and effectiveness. Crucial to successful policing was how these countries improved their intelligence through recruiting and handling informers, maintained secrecy and good relations with local police, and handled the media. The British approach to anarchist control was arguably the most successful. Italian international policing was the most far-reaching, while the United States long remained the world's most under-policed large country. On examination, the view that anti-anarchist policing was a case of conservative imperial regimes versus the Western democracies loses validity. During this period, a general trend saw the transfer of anarchist surveillance from the hands of diplomats into those of interior ministry officials and the police, all in the name of greater centralization, professionalization, and efficiency.     

John Dewey on experience: a critical resource for the theory and practice of youth civic engagement

Research on youth civic engagement often sees the everyday lives of young people as barriers to civic engagement. Recent qualitative approaches have drawn attention to the civic and political dimensions of young people's everyday lives. This is a crucial insight, but cannot – by itself – answer a key question: just how is it that everyday experience can be transformed into civic engagement? I argue that John Dewey's theory of experience makes two key contributions toward answering this question. First, Dewey's situational understanding of experience directs us to the concrete conditions of everyday life as the necessary groundwork and starting point for civic engagement. Second, his concept of reflective experience helps us understand how taken for granted assumptions about political and social life can be transformed into more active forms of engagement. I illustrate this argument by drawing on selected findings from a qualitative study of young people's experience in Public Achievement, a civic engagement initiative.     

King Charls His Case: The Intended Prosecution of Charles I

Charles I was put to death without having pleaded to the charges preferred against him during his trial. This article examines the case that his prosecutor later said he would have opened, had the king entered a plea. John Cook's case was predictably forthright in its denunciation of the accused. On the other hand, it has some highly significant omissions; some of it was legally and factually hopeless, and much of the rest invited fairly obvious responses; whilst its exposition was much more contentious than one might expect from a case for the prosecution of a man whose guilt had already been pronounced ‘notorious’. Rather than simply setting out a wholly unsatisfactory indictment of the king's alleged ‘guilt’, as a mere prelude to the shedding of his blood, Cook's true aim appears to have been to goad the king into making, before the eyes of the watching world, a case in his own defence sufficient to enable the king's judges, having heard what he might have to say, and subject to ‘the merit of the Cause’, to hand down some sentence other than death - all as the Act erecting the high court of justice authorized them to do.     

Measuring Technological Change in Greece

This paper uses the Growth Accounting methodology to estimate technological change, as well as labor and capital productivity in the various sectors of the Greek economy over the period 1988–1998. The results show that the technological level, as measured through annual growth in Total Factor Productivity, has remained practically unchanged. Meanwhile, technological change accounts for about 40% of economic growth, which is slightly lower compared with the relative performance of other O.E.C.D. countries. Finally, our main findings are, in general terms, consistent with estimates by other researchers.      

大国政治未必悲剧——论“米氏”逻辑的困惑与出路

进攻性现实主义在传统现实主义和新现实主义上发展起来,并形成了自己完整而独立的体系,把现实主义的发展推进到一个新的高度。但是进攻性现实主义偏激地强调了国家进攻性的本质特征,忽视了国家合作的可能及其现实意义,从而导致理论在逻辑上的巨大缺陷和“存在合法性”危机的出现。特别是其基于“国家是理性行为体并竭力寻求国家权力最大化”的理论假设进行的理论推演,有着极大的缺陷和片面性。     

黑龙江省和河北省鸡新城疫病毒分离株的遗传变异分析

利用 RT PCR 技术扩增出了 4 株 NDV 分离株(HeB 4 99, HeB 5 99、HeB 6 02 和HLJ 10 02)F基因539 bp的片段,将该片段克隆到 pMD 18 T载体上。经酶切分析、质粒 PCR鉴定及核苷酸序列测定,成功获得了4株 NDV分离株 F基因部分片段的重组质粒。同源性分析显示,4株分离毒株的核苷酸序列具有 95.9%~100%的同源性,与 LaSota的核苷酸序列同源性为81.0%~81.8%,与F48E9的核苷酸序列同源性达85.8%~89.3%。推导氨基酸序列分析表明,4个毒株F蛋白的裂解位点氨基酸组成为112RRQKRF117,具有强毒株裂解位点氨基酸组成特点,与ICPI和MDT测定结果相吻合。73株NDV毒株的系统发育进化树分析表明,HeB 4 99、HeB 5 99、HeB 6 02和HLJ 10 02均归属于基因Ⅶ型。     

How does trade openness influence budget deficits in developing countries?

Abstract

This paper analyses the effects of trade openness on budget balances by distinguishing the effects of natural openness from those of trade policy. Revealed indicators of natural openness and trade policy are computed. Using GMM-system estimator, the econometric analysis focuses on 66 developing countries over 1974–98. The results show that trade openness increases a country's exposure to external shocks. This enforces the negative impact on budget balances of terms of trade instability. Additionally, trade openness influences budget balances through several other channels: corruption, income inequalities, etc. Then natural openness and trade policy have opposite effects: the former deteriorates budget balances whereas the latter enhances them.     

Ein gordischer Knoten der Politikwissenschaft? Zur Vereinbarkeit von Föderalismus und Demokratie

Politische Vierteljahresschrift - Politische Systeme im nationalen und internationalen Kontext werden zunehmend nach Prinzipien des Föderalismus organisiert. Nach wie vor ungeklärt ist...     

新城疫病毒F48E9株病毒F基因表达盒的火鸡疱疹病毒转移质粒载体构建

将新城疫病毒(NDV)F48E9株融合蛋白(F)基因1700 bp克隆到真核表达载体pcDNA3中,构建成表达F基因的载体pc3F.然后将包含F基因及其上游的细胞巨化病毒启动子和增强子的3800 bp DNA片段再克隆入包含火鸡疱疹病毒(HVT)非必须片段载体pTK2B中,构建成功含有F基因表达盒的HVT转移质粒载体pTK3F.经限制性内切酶酶切分析,F基因表达盒的插入方向与pTK2B中TK基因转录方向一致.该研究为进一步在细胞中转染并获得表达F基因的HVT重组病毒奠定了基础.