离婚妇女贫困化的制度探讨

随着中国离婚率的提高,离婚女性人群也逐步扩大。许多妇女离婚后生活陷入困境,使离婚女性贫困化成为一个社会问题。虽然造成离婚妇女贫困化的原因是多元的,但现行《婚姻法》、《劳动法》、《妇女权益保障法》等法律在保护女性权益的制度设计上存在着诸多不足,而相应的社会保障制度也远未完善,这些都加剧了离婚妇女的贫困状况。只有修正现行法律保护离婚女性权益上的制度缺陷,才能最大限度地减缓和消除离婚女性的贫困化问题。     

代内剥削:农村光棍现象的一个分析框架——基于渝北S村长子打光棍的调查

本研究通过对渝北地区S村的实地调查,提出了代内剥削概念作为分析和探讨光棍产生的新工具,认为在低度代际责任的情况下,能否有机会外出获取婚姻机会,对于农村的未婚男子能否成婚非常重要。在兄弟多的家庭里,长子囿于长兄如父责任伦理限制没有机会外出务工获得经济资源和女性资源而沦为光棍。以往对光棍问题的研究主要集中在男女性别比严重失衡、经济困难、个人身心残缺等层面,但学者们都常忽视了兄弟之间对家庭有限资源和机会的争夺这一重要因素。     

Household dissolution, child care and divorce law

This paper sets up a model of household dissolution in which one party decides to leave a household that contains children. We study the effects of divorce law on this decision and, in particular, the role of legal provisions governing the post-dissolution care of the household’s children. In particular, we show that there is an inevitable tension between achieving efficiency in marriage and at the same time achieving efficiency in divorce.     

建国初期婚姻制度改革研究

婚姻制度是规范男女两性关系和家庭关系的一种法律制度 ,婚姻关系处在社会生活的表层 ,是社会变迁的指示器。建国初期是中国从传统社会向现代化社会过渡最为剧烈的时期 ,这一时期的我国婚姻制度改革体现了由家庭本位到个人本位的过渡 ,婚姻制度改革对普通民众的生活和社会发展产生了极大的影响     

《民法典·婚姻家庭编》之我见

尽管 2 0 0 1年《婚姻法》(修正案 )取得了可喜的进步 ,但作为一个阶段性、过渡性的立法措施 ,其制度性的缺失以及内容的失之过简 ,难于操作 ,使其仍然有很大的修改空间。民法的法典化为婚姻法的第二步修订提供了极好的机会。完善婚姻家庭法就应当按照法律规范的科学性、前瞻性、实用性 ,全面、系统地对婚姻家庭关系的各项制度作出明确具体的规定 ,而非该制度的纲要性规范。     

从歧视走向平等——非婚生子女法律地位的变迁

非婚生子女作为社会的弱势群体,对其加强法律保护已成为世界各国婚姻家庭法的一个重要课题。综观世界各国亲子立法的发展史,非婚生子女的法律地位经历了受虐待和歧视的“无亲之子”阶段、被消极肯定的“形式平等”阶段、以至于发展到当今一些国家对子女的完全平等保护———实质平等。我国亲子立法应顺应世界先进亲子法的立法趋势,摒弃“非婚生子女”这一不平等称谓,制定统一的自然血亲子女制度,以子女认领制度作为确定无婚姻的父母与自然血亲子女身份关系的证明方法,保护子女的最大利益。     

性别失衡下的中国农村养老及其政策启示

中国社会转型期性别失衡带来的男性婚姻挤压问题对农村养老的影响是中国人口社会可持续发展的重大问题之一。本文利用2008—2010年的三次农村人口专项抽样调查数据,从性别、年代、婚姻、区域、人口流动等多视角综合分析了性别失衡背景下农村居民的养老意愿、代际支持行为以及男性失婚对父母生活满意度的影响,并探讨了婚姻挤压对中国农村养老带来的挑战及政策建议。研究发现,男性婚姻挤压问题已经对农村养老产生了重要影响:大龄未婚男性成为打算依靠政府救济养老的主要人群;大龄未婚男性给予父母的代际支持较弱、父母的生活满意度较低。文章丰富和发展了养老研究的视角,初步识别了性别失衡给农村养老所带来的负面后果,研究有利于进一步认识性别失衡的人口社会后果,并为综合治理性别失衡问题提供现实依据。     

Transformation: the Progression of Immigration Petitions for Transgender Spouses

U.S. citizens who marry foreign nationals may petition for their spouses so that the couple can reside permanently together in the United States. The guidelines set forth in the U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services Adjudicator's Field Manual provide guidance to immigration officials for determining whether to grant or deny spousal petitions. Previously, the Adjudicator's Field Manual imposed a requirement that transgender individuals undergo costly and dangerous sex reassignment surgery in order to qualify as married for the purposes of a spousal petition. However, revisions to the Adjudicator's Field Manual issued in April 2012 provide transgender binational couples the opportunity to remain together in the United States without forcing one partner to undergo sex reassignment surgery. Given the history of discrimination against transgender individuals under U.S. immigration law, these revisions are a significant step in equality for transgender couples. Although these revisions provide many transgender binational couples with a means to remain together in the United States, this Note proposes that, to continue on the path toward equality for transgender couples, special guidelines should not be applied to marriages involving transgender partners if their marriage is deemed a valid heterosexual marriage in the state where solemnized. The goals of U.S. immigration law and compliance with the federal definition of marriage can be achieved without implementing individualized guidelines for transgender binational couples.

Key Points for the Family Court Community:
• Transgender spouses of a binational couple should not be subjected to additional guidelines when submitting spousal petitions that, if granted, would afford the couple the opportunity to reside together in the United States
• Transgender individuals should not be subjected to disparate treatment solely because the U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services seeks to enforce discriminatory provisions of the Defense of Marriage Act
• A marriage should be recognized by immigration law if it is a valid marriage under the law of the state where the marriage was celebrated
• In order to achieve U.S. immigration law's mission of family unification, nontraditional couples should be afforded the same opportunity to remain together in the United States without additional scrutiny

     

SKEPTICISM BORDERING ON DISTRUST: FAMILY LAW IN THE HOLLYWOOD CINEMA

This article critiques Hollywood films from the last last 20–30 years that relate to family law. More specifically, this article considers films involving marriage, divorce, child custody, and adoption and focuses on the portrayal of law in those films. While the films are not tightly connected to one another and surely do not share a unified theme, the films do share a surprising skepticism bordering on distrust regarding law, legal procedures, and legal institutions. Hollywood appears to have picked up a general sentiment that family should be a private, intimate sanctuary and is better off without state intrusion through law. The films incorporate this sentiment and also reinforce it by teaching viewers to be leery of law in family matters. Key Points for the Family Court Community:

• 1 Recent Hollywood films include not only abundant portrayals of family life but also numerous examples of family law.
• 2 As a result, these Hollywood films have the potential to educate viewers about family law and to prompt certain normative attitudes about family law.
• 3 In general, Hollywood films invite viewers to be skeptical and even disdainful of family law.

     

The Obligations and Expectations of Couples Within Families: Three Modes of Interaction

What kinds of family structures emerge after a couple relationship is formed? How are obligations perceived towards the family of origin and the family of the partner? How are obligations perceived towards the older generation and towards children? How are conflicts of interest approached or resolved? How are the obligations arising from these personal relationships affected by gender, ethnicity, culture and religion? This paper reports some findings from a qualitative study of 39 men and women aged 25–40 which investigates the social context for the legal regulation of couple relationships; whether marriage, cohabitation or civil partnerships.