浅谈看守所在押人员羁押表现量刑化的制度建设

在看守所被羁押的犯罪嫌疑人、被告人因触犯刑律的不同,其羁押表现也各不相同。从当前形势看,在押人员羁押表现量刑化有其现实需要;从法律角度看,在押人员羁押表现量刑化有其创新需要;从审判角度看,在押人员羁押表现量刑化有其可操作性。为此,应加强看守所在押人员羁押表现量刑化的制度建设。     

被害人辨认错误及其防范

被害人辨认错误是导致刑事错案发生的主要原因之一。被害人“身临其境”和“身受其害”的当事人身份，决定了被害人体验案件事实和辨认犯罪嫌疑人存在局限性，容易出现某些“诚实”的错误。分析被害人辨认错误的成因，进一步完善辨认规则，健全辨认程序，有助于提高被害人辨认的准确性和可信性，防范错误辨认，保护被害人权利。     

预防侦查错误视角下公安刑事鉴定制度的反思与完善

刑事鉴定对于公安机关侦查破案发挥着日趋重要的作用,公安机关在侦查线索的寻找、侦查方向的确定乃至侦查终结的定案证据等方面都极为依赖刑事鉴定.然而,因公安刑事鉴定制度本身存在某些缺陷而容易产生诸多鉴定问题,进而导致侦查错误的发生,以致酿成了一系列刑事冤案.完善现行的公安刑事鉴定制度首先亟需解决公安机关内设鉴定机构的组织管理制度问题,即应确保内设鉴定机构的相对独立,同时应明确对刑事鉴定技术的采用标准.诚然,完善公安刑事鉴定制度并不能完全杜绝侦查错误的发生,但是可以减少侦查错误发生的概率.     

刑事司法错误与司法惯性——试论惯性在司法中的消极作用

受传统观念和环境因素的共同影响,司法人员的思维过程和行为方式表现出遵循原有办案思路和排斥先进司法理念的态势。在当前的司法实践中,司法惯性已成为导致刑事司法错误的根本原因。司法惯性主要源于司法人员的思维定势和司法机关相互制约机制的弱化,为确保司法程序的正当性,必须克服司法惯性对刑事司法的消极影响。     

Employing components-of-variance to evaluate forensic breath test instruments

The evaluation of breath alcohol instruments for forensic suitability generally includes the assessment of accuracy, precision, linearity, blood/breath comparisons, etc. Although relevant and important, these methods fail to evaluate other important analytical and biological components related to measurement variability. An experimental design comparing different instruments measuring replicate breath samples from several subjects is presented here. Three volunteers provided n = 10 breath samples into each of six different instruments within an 18 minute time period. Two-way analysis of variance was employed which quantified the between-instrument effect and the subject/instrument interaction. Variance contributions were also determined for the analytical and biological components. Significant between-instrument and subject/instrument interaction were observed. The biological component of total variance ranged from 56% to 98% among all subject instrument combinations. Such a design can help quantify the influence of and optimize breath sampling parameters that will reduce total measurement variability and enhance overall forensic confidence.     

美国刑事诉讼中的无害错误规则及其启示

在美国刑事诉讼中,原审法院的错误可以被分为两类:宪法性错误与制定法错误.对所有的制定法错误以及部分宪法性错误,审查法院可以适用无害错误规则进行审查与处理,从而在认定错误无害时,维持原审判决.在直接上诉程序中,对宪法性错误与制定法错误进行审查的标准,分别是Chapman标准与Kotteakos标准.对人身保护令程序中的审查标准,美国联邦法院目前尚没有形成共识.美国法院通过适用无害错误规则,更加强调探求刑事案件的事实真相,更为重视案件的实体正义.我国应当借鉴美国的经验,在刑事诉讼法中明确确立无害错误规则.     

非法持有毒品罪若干问题研究

非法持有毒品罪是我国刑法规定的有关毒品犯罪的重要罪名。人们对非法‘特有”的内涵与外延、行为人认识错误的法律认定、非法持有毒品罪的数量标准、非法持有毒品罪的罪数形态、共同犯罪等问题研究的还不够深入。加强对这些问题的系统研究，可为司法实践提供一定的借鉴。     

李立三“左”倾错误的成因与红一方面军的抗争

20世纪30年代初李立三的“左”倾冒险错误，同共产国际的影响密切相关。共产国际和斯大林为李立三的“左”倾冒险错误提供了理论依据，后来又严厉批评了李立三的“左”倾冒险错误。红一方面军则由开始对李立三的“左”倾冒险行动持怀疑态度，进而抵制和在实际中纠正。在红一方面军中纠正李立三“左”倾错误上，毛泽东和总前委召开的罗坊会议起了最为关键的作用。     

关于刑事司法错误的理论动向：背景、现状及意旨

司法错误是反衬转型中国司法运行状态的重要指标之一。在司法转型的宏观背景下，随着理论界对西方法治国家的程序制度经验，尤其是国际刑事司法准则的引介，程序性违法及救济逐渐受到普遍关注，刑事程序法学界开始以程序正义为理论基石、以程序制度的完善为研究契机，较为广泛地探讨程序性司法错误的防控，但晚近关于司法错误的研究动向却表现出感性、凌杂以及西方中心主义等现状困境。鉴于此，未来的理论走向不仅应张扬刑事司法错误在透视实践、变革制度、深化理论等方面的研讨意义，同时反思进路应更为实证、系统与本土。     

A sudden death with lung embolism after inadvertent infusion of zinc oxide shake lotion

A 74-year old woman in postoperative treatment after a colonic surgery died immediately after perfusion of about 1.5 mL of a white emulsion which was believed to contain 1% propofol via cardiac catheter into the right atrium. It was strongly suspected that a syringe with a zinc oxide shake lotion (consisting of 20% ZnO, 20% talc, 25% glycerol and 35% water) which was intended for external treatment had been mistaken for the propofol syringe. During autopsy, an anatomic cause of death could not be found. In order to exclude an intoxication and to determine the significance of the perfusion fluid in this context, toxicological and histological investigations were performed. Propofol and other drugs applied to the patient were found in therapeutic or sub-therapeutic range. However, in comparison to a control case, the zinc concentrations determined by AAS were about 200 times higher in lung tissue, 10 times higher in heart blood and 3–4 times higher in kidney and liver tissue. No increase was seen in venous blood. Histology showed a strong embolism of the lung tissue with birefingent sharp-edged crystals, which were identified as the talcum, and an amorphous component (ZnO). The same embolism was seen to a medium extent also in the brain sections and to a low extent in heart, liver, pancreas and kidney. Pulmonary embolism by talcum and zinc oxide was established as the cause of death which occurred by syringe swap due to insufficient security precautions in the drug administration. The results are discussed in context of pulmonary microembolism cases frequently described for drug addicts after injection of crashed talcum containing tablets.