中、印、尼佛教文化交流的特点及影响——来自三国学者的观点

中国学界过去对印度佛教研究较多,对尼泊尔佛教研究不多;对中印、中尼佛教交流研究较多,而对中、印、尼三国之间的佛教文化交流的研究则不多。2019年11月25日,由中国友谊促进会和教育部人文社科重点研究基地四川大学南亚研究所共同举办的加强佛教文化交流,促进民心相融相通——中印尼佛教文化研讨会在成都召开。来自印度德里大学、和平与冲突研究所、贝纳勒斯印度教大学、新那烂陀佛教大学、加尔各答城市学院和尼泊尔的特里布文大学、莲花学院、蓝毗尼佛教大学以及中国的中国藏语系高级佛学院、中国藏学研究中心、四川大学、上海大学、西南民族大学等三个国家18个单位的50名代表参加了会议。此次会议围绕中、印、尼三国佛教源流与影响、佛教传承与艺术以及佛教融合与发展三个议题展开交流,讨论的内容丰富、信息量大,为三国的友好交流作出了积极贡献。三国学者的观点主要集中在中、印、尼佛教交流的历史起源、特点、影响、问题和建议五个方面。     

Terrorism,Counterterrorism, and the Rule of Law

While fighting insurgency, both state and non-state groups depend on the local population for valuable resources such as food, intelligence, and security. By using a repertoire of subsistence coping mechanisms available to households in the context of the local political economy as an indicator of grievances and mechanisms of interactions between local households and the state and insurgents, district level data from Nepal on Maoist conflict is used to test hypotheses regarding state and insurgent violence. The analysis confirms that the state was more likely to kill people in a district where the number of households that borrowed to cope with subsistence was high. The Maoists were more likely to kill in a district with a higher number of subsistence sufficient households.     

WHAT ROLE FOR GOVERNMENT? THE PROMOTION OF CIVIL SOCIETY THROUGH FORESTRY‐RELATED CLIMATE CHANGE INTERVENTIONS IN POST‐CONFLICT NEPAL

This study examines rationales behind the choice of local interlocutors by forestry‐related climate change projects in post‐conflict Nepal. In their stated objectives, all projects claim to involve the government, and most project decision makers are in favor of government involvement, yet project resources overwhelmingly favor civil society institutions. Project decision makers' choices are shaped by a combination of donor conditionalities, contextual constraints, and beliefs about which institutional attributes matter and how to address historical marginalization. The projects' empowerment of civil society sidesteps opportunities to strengthen the local government, which is described as weak, disinterested, and lacking legitimacy owing to the absence of elections due to the unsettled post‐conflict situation. Through the choices made and their justifications, projects and donors further marginalize the local government materially and discursively and thereby entrench its perceived deficiencies. We argue that this privileging of civil society may have implications for government legitimacy and post‐conflict reconstruction and call for donors and the intervening institutions they fund to critically and collectively reassess the role of forestry‐related climate change projects in the larger process of post‐conflict reconstruction in Nepal. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

尼泊尔政局发展及其前景

近年来尼泊尔政府频繁更迭,政局持续动荡,给尼泊尔的社会、经济等各方面造成了严重影响。如何解决各种矛盾,维护政局稳定成了尼政府面临的首要问题。本文介绍了近年来尼泊尔政局发展情况以及造成动荡的主要原因,分析了动荡造成的主要影响,并预测了尼政局的发展前景。     

Univariate sex dimorphism in the Nepalese dentition and the use of discriminant functions in gender assessment

Sex dimorphism in the Nepalese dentition is described using univariate and discriminant analyses. Canines showed the greatest univariate sex dimorphism, followed by the buccolingual (BL) dimension of maxillary first and second molars. Overall, the maxillary teeth and BL dimensions showed greater univariate sex differences. However, less than half of the measured variables (46.4%) showed statistically significant differences between the sexes and the magnitude of sex dimorphism was reduced when compared to other populations. Moreover, reverse dimorphism--where females showed larger teeth than males--was observed in the mesiodistal dimension of mandibular second premolars. This reflects reduction in sexual dimorphism observed through human evolution and the consequent overlap of tooth dimensions in modern males and females. A specific purpose of the study was to develop discriminant functions to facilitate sex classification. A group of functions were developed considering the possibility of missing teeth and/or jaws in forensic scenarios. The functions permitted moderate to high classification accuracy in sexing (67.9% using maxillary posterior teeth; 92.5% using teeth from both jaws). The superior expression of sex dimorphism by means of discriminant functions is in contrast to the univariate results. This is due to discriminant analysis utilising the inter-relationship between all teeth within a dentition--these tooth correlations are not utilised in univariate analysis which results in a loss of information. It is inferred that large-scale statistically significant univariate differences are not a prerequisite for sex assessment.     

India's South Asia policy in the twenty-first century: new approach,old strategy

Maintaining regional supremacy and stability and denying extra-regional actors a military foothold in South Asia have long been key objectives of India's regional policy. In pursuance of these objectives, India displayed a willingness to undertake coercive action against its smaller South Asian neighbours. Evidence of this is seen in the military intervention in Sri Lanka (1987–1990) and a virtual economic blockade of Nepal (1989–1990). However, during the past decade, India appeared to draw away from such overt interventionist policies and even accepted outside actors like Norway and the United Nations being involved in the peace process in Sri Lanka (2002–2006) and Nepal (2006–2011), respectively. Notwithstanding India's apparent shift in behaviour, these actions do not represent a fundamental change in the country's traditional policy towards the region.