Hanging in,stepping up and stepping out: livelihood aspirations and strategies of the poor

In recent years understanding of poverty and of ways in which people escape from or fall into poverty has become more holistic. This should improve the capabilities of policy analysts and others working to reduce poverty, but it also makes analysis more complex. This article describes a simple schema which integrates multi-dimensional, multi-level, and dynamic understandings of poverty, of poor people's livelihoods, and of changing roles of agricultural systems. The article suggests three broad types of strategy pursued by poor people: ‘hanging in’, ‘stepping up’, and ‘stepping out’. This simple schema explicitly recognises the dynamic aspirations of poor people, diversity among them, and livelihood diversification. It also brings together aspirations of poor people with wider sectoral, inter-sectoral, and macro-economic questions about policies necessary for the realisation of those aspirations.     

Perceptions and practices of farmer empowerment in Tanzania

The purpose of this article is to review the implementation of various empowerment interventions in Tanzania. Data for the review are based on field visits to programmes/projects/organisations involved in implementing empowerment interventions in various regions of the country. These visits involved key-informant interviews, sample surveys, and focus-group discussions with farmers. The review highlights the perceptions of empowerment at the levels of project staff and practitioners/beneficiaries, as well as the approaches used by various organisations and projects in implementing empowerment activities. In addition the article discusses the factors perceived to lead to empowerment, as well as its consequences.     

新农村建设中农民环境权益保护问题研究

切实保障农民环境权益,是社会主义新农村建设中的一项基础性课题。而受政府和企业短期化行为、环保资源投入不足、环境监管体制不顺、农村人口数量众多等因素的影响,目前我国农民环境权益经常得不到保障。本文提出,要切实加强农民环境权益的保障工作,必须打破二元结构、转变增长方式、加强政府干预、加强法治建设并完善农民参与渠道。     

构建上海道路交通管理新机制的思考

在当前新形势下,上海公安交通管理部门要自觉、主动地适应社会经济发展的要求,更新管理观念;构建道路交通管理的新机制;大力运用先进的智能化交通指挥系统来完善交通管理工作机制,确保上海道路交通管理的可持续性发展。     

Toward a New Decade:Research on the Sustainable Development of FOCAC

FOCAC is a successful and pioneering cooperation model jointly explored by China and Africa.The Forum has become an important platform for facilitating China-Africa relations since its founding 10 years ago.Within this framework the two sides have achieved great accomplishment through cooperation,and have created new development areas.Currently,the international system is experiencing deep adjustments,and the international political,economic and security situation is becoming increasingly complicated.Within such a context,the Forum continues to embrace new development opportunities as well as face new challenges.This paper will evaluate the achievements and the experiences of the Forum,and offer some proposals on promoting the sustainable development of FOCAC within the new context.     

Parsing Pegasus: An Infrastructural Approach to the Relationship between Technology and Swiss Security Politics

How do technologies matter for security politics? This article introduces the kind of arguments an infrastructural approach would focus its answer on. It illustrates how the approach would work by focussing on how the spyware Pegasus developed by the Israeli company NSO matters for Swiss security politics. It follows the infrastructural approach showing how and why it would tend to three things primarily: the politics of the infrastructures Pegasus is inscribed in, the politics of the processes of infrastructuring the software generates and the infrapolitics that sustain and transform these processes and infrastructures. The article also discusses the strengths and weaknesses of infrastructural approaches, underlining that since they are relational, processual and radically open epistemologically and ontologically, infrastructural approaches are suitable for opening new agendas, re‐problematising and re‐imagining the politics of security technologies. They are less suited for studies premised on a fixed understanding of the politics of security technology.     

Evaluating competitiveness impacts of regulatory reforms in the Brazilian cashew industry

This work evaluates regulatory impacts on the Brazilian cashew industry through the pilot use of CIBER, a value-chain-based approach, to identify and measure regulatory constraints and to enact regulatory reforms in donor-funded development projects. Drawing from secondary sources complemented by primary field research, all the CIBER-suggested steps are followed. The results reveal that tax and credit regulations should be priorities to improve the competitiveness of the cashew business in Brazil, and that CIBER can be an effective tool to expand industry analysis and to design reform strategies towards improved competitiveness.     

论《纽约公约》与仲裁协议的法律适用——兼评中国加入《纽约公约》二十年的实践

《纽约公约》第2条关于仲裁协议书面形式的规定构成了统一实体规则,该规则应优先于国内法加以适用。对涉及仲裁协议实质有效性的问题,各缔约国法院在“裁决后诉讼”中应按照《公约》第5条第1款（甲）项的统一冲突规范确定准据法;在“裁决前诉讼”中应类推适用《公约》第5条第1款（甲）项的统一冲突规范。对“双无仲裁协议”,则由缔约国自行确定其实质有效性的准据法。我国法院在涉外仲裁协议法律适用方面应更好地执行《公约》的规定。     

论中国化马克思主义经济学的建设性质

马克思主义经济学的科学性蕴涵在其内容的丰富性之中.马克思主义经济学有着多方面的理论观点,这些观点有着相对独立的价值.但这些观点并不仅仅是一棵棵孤立的"大树",而是由多种"树木"构成的"森林",其严密逻辑把这一个个观点缀连成不可分割的整体.正是在马克思主义经济学的基础上,中国化马克思主义经济学才除了革命性质以外,还具有了重要的建设性质,成为集革命与建设于一体的建设的经济学.指导中国改革开放的主流经济学,是主张发展社会主义的中国化马克思主义建设经济学,而不是主张葬送社会主义的西方非马克思主义激进经济学.     

新型农村合作医疗框架中政府角色的理性定位

基于农村合作医疗的公共利益属性,政府参与农村合作医疗建设是其必须承担的义务,这也是被实践证明的事实。20世纪50年代,政府以"引导者"身份号召建立农村合作医疗制度;21世纪初,政府以"主导者"身份全面参与新型农村合作医疗制度建设。今后,若要实现新型农村合作医疗可持续发展,必须对政府准确定位。随着社会建设理念的强化以及政府职能转变的深化,以法律形式将政府定位为"指导者",并以此身份参与新型农村合作医疗制度建设,是新型农村合作医疗持续、健康、稳步发展的关键。