革命者与立法者之间：新英格兰乡镇的政治学理

美利坚独立革命的烽火首先从乡镇（波士顿、康科德、莱克星顿）点燃，并在乡镇联合行动中逐步形成燎原之势。1780年，在麻萨诸塞，新的邦宪条款的制定可以说是参加制宪大会（convention）的代表与他们各自所代表的乡镇民众不断讨论斟酌的结果，其中大、小乡镇之间围绕邦议会代表权、行政职位的设置、司法权的地位、邦与各乡镇之关系等现实议题的争论正是七年后费城合众国立宪大会的现实依据和学理基础。在丹尼尔·谢斯（Daniel Shays）及其率领的自耕农（Regulators）看来，麻萨诸塞政府已经成为东部商业利益集团谋取私利的工具，设在波士顿的新政府日趋脱离人民，走向专制，为此人民有责任揭竿而起，驱逐渡士顿的权力精英，捍卫《独立宣言》的基本原则；同样，在南、北战争前夕的南部种植园主看来，联邦政府已被以林肯及其共和党代表的东北部利益集团所操控，美利坚国家的立国原则遭到破坏，而南部“美利坚联众国”（the Confederate States of America）的使命正是意在捍卫美利坚国父们的立国精神。为此，对乡镇的历史考察和现实观照无疑是推进我们理解当代美国政治和美利坚政治文化的关键环节，本文正是这一努力的初步尝试。     

Off-farm work and food security status of farming households in Ghana

This study assessed the effect of participation in off-farm work on the food security status of farming households in the Northern Region of Ghana. Primary data were solicited from 324 farming households in the Tamale metropolis and Tolon district using semi-structured questionnaires. The treatment effects of both income and food security status were estimated using propensity score matching and double-robust methods. The empirical results suggest that participation in off-farm activities increased household daily calorie consumption. These results have implications for the development of off-farm ventures for the benefit of the farming households.     

A gendered analysis of goat ownership and marketing in Meru,Kenya

Studies show that women are more likely to own small, rather than, large livestock. This study sought to establish gendered preference for different livestock species while focusing on the gendered differences in ownership, management, and marketing of goats in Meru, Kenya. Men demonstrated a higher preference for cattle than women, who had a higher preference for poultry than men. Men and women preferred goats equally, but women derived and managed more income from goats than men. Development projects should apply a gender lens before introducing different livestock species as gender differences exist in the preference and the management of different livestock.     

Who are those people we call farmers? Rural Kenyan aspirations and realities

Rural Kenyan households have different aspirations and income portfolio strategies, including agricultural intensification and income diversification. This article reports on a study that interviewed 624 households to explore rural aspirations and derive lessons for agricultural technology development and transfer. Though few households specialised in farming, many households self-identified as farmers and aspired to increase their agricultural income. Despite the prevalence of agricultural aspirations, few aspired for their children to have a future in farming. Combining aspirations with potential to invest, the article provides suggestions for targeting agricultural interventions. We need to start listening better to those people we call “farmers” to develop and offer innovations that meet their realities.     

Micro-enterprise development initiatives and entrepreneurial competencies,innovativeness, and social capital in Malaysia

This article examines the effect of participation in development programmes designed for women micro-entrepreneurs on the development of entrepreneurial competencies, innovativeness, and social capital. The study employed a cross-sectional design and quasi-experimental approach, and collected data from 417 women micro-entrepreneurs in Malaysia. Findings reveal that the participants possess a significantly higher level of social capital, innovativeness, and entrepreneurial competencies. Development organisations should therefore focus on redesigning their policies and programmes to improve the breadth and depth of the development programmes that they offer, which ultimately lead to an improvement in the social-economic condition of low-income households in Malaysia.     

Understanding households’ livelihood choices,wealth, and poverty in Accra,Ghana

This article reports on a study that aimed to deepen understanding of the factors which influence livelihood choices, and perceptions of wealth and poverty, in Accra, Ghana. Focus group discussions and household surveys were held in ten selected communities. Although parents are able to influence their households’ livelihood choices, the prevailing socio-economic circumstances are more likely to determine what household members are likely to do. Perceptions of wealth and poverty are influenced by factors both internal and external to households, indicating the complexity and variety of interrelated assets which the poor depend on for their livelihoods.     

越南广义文化的新发展

近年来，越南在广义文化方面出现了一些新发展、新概念、新领域，如旅游文化、商业文化、交通文化、外交文化等。越南将文化外交视为其外交的三大支柱之一，让文化为国家的对外交往服务，与中国的文化外交比较密切。     

Building pathways out of poverty through climate smart agriculture and effective targeting

One focus of agricultural development is climate smart agricultural technologies and practices (CSA). Development practitioners invest in scaling these to have wider impact. Ineffective targeting stymies CSA’s contribution to poverty reduction by excluding many of the poor and/or including those for whom agriculture is not a pathway out of poverty. This viewpoint proposes the need to recognise differentiated livelihood pathways within smallholder agriculture, linked to farmers’ differential capacity to engage in climate risk management. A farmer and livelihoods typology provides a framework to improved targeting of CSA and to identifying where alternative interventions, such as social protection, are more appropriate.     

Socio-economic dynamics in slums and implications for sanitation sustainability in Kisumu,Kenya

Lack of sanitation facilities is a major challenge in slum areas, and this has implications on the health and well-being of residents. Sanitation in slums is complex due to slum living conditions, and a detailed understanding of dynamics in slums and how they impact sanitation is required. This study sought to understand the relationship between socio-economic dynamics, and sanitation provision and management in the slums of Kisumu, Kenya. The results indicate a mix of social, cultural, economic, tenancy, and relationship dynamics, all of which influence sanitation provision and management. The article calls for collaboration among various stakeholders and the use of local knowledge dissemination approaches.     

*当前新媒体对我国政治生态影响的多重效应

当今中国，信息技术的发展使我们进入新媒体时代。新媒体的兴起极大地改变着中国政治生态环境：新媒体不仅成为民意表达与交流的新渠道和平台，而且也成为传递政治“负能量”的新载体。随着时代的发展，新媒体的功能不断延展，并与政治生活的融合愈加紧密。这既给政府治理提出了新的挑战，又提供了新的机遇。