Development of a harmonised method for the profiling of amphetamines VI: Evaluation of methods for comparison of amphetamine

Amphetamine samples were analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and the peak areas of 33 target compounds were transformed by applying various pretreatment techniques. The objective was to optimise the ability of a number of distance metrics to establish links between samples of amphetamine originating from the same batch (henceforth referred to as linked distances). Furthermore, partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) was used to evaluate the effects of various pretreatment methods on separation of amphetamine batches synthesised by the Leuckart reaction, reductive amination of benzyl methyl ketone, and the nitrostyrene route. The most efficient way to pretreat GC-MS data varied for the different distance metrics, although best results were obtained when data were normalised to the sum of peak areas, and either the fourth root or a logarithm was applied to the normalised data. When pretreating normalised data by fourth root transformation, Pearson correlation was the distance metric that was most successful at finding linked samples. Normalisation and the use of fourth root also represented the best method of pretreating data when employing PLS-DA to separate samples synthesised by different routes. To achieve a faster and more user-friendly procedure for evaluating chromatograms, experiments were performed in which the number of target compounds used to compare samples was reduced. The effect of each compound that was removed was studied by applying PLS-DA and by using Pearson correlation to calculate linked distances as well as unlinked distances (between samples from different batches of amphetamine). Considering both links between samples from the same batch and separation of samples synthesised by different routes, the best results were obtained with the data set comprising 26 compounds. Finally, it was found that the profiling method developed in this work was superior to an existing technique with respect to separating linked and unlinked distances.     

Governance is where you find it

The concept of governance is used frequently and in a variety of different ways. This article discusses Mark Bevir’s use of an interpretative approach to governance and its implications for understanding better how we govern. This approach has particular relevance to democratic forms of governance, and to the use of deliberative and direct forms of democracy.     

The BSD Method of College Students' Career Goal Positioning

The career goal positioning is the starting point and foothold of college students' career planning. If we regard college students' career goals as the function among demand motive, market discipline, vocation characteristics and personality traits, the positioning results based on traditional experience analysis is unreliable. This article, by instructing the practice of college students career planning, from the perspective of the demanding selection for vocational positioning, puts forward the comprehensive BSD set: brainstorming, SWOT analysis and Decision Tree Analysis, which forms an application toolbox based on the “identification-selection-location” mode, so as to help students realize their vocational target positioning scientifically.     

美国有限合伙法上“安全港规则”——以有限责任界定为中心

"安全港规则"是美国有限合伙法上一项有限责任的重要认定规则,它与"控制权规则""信赖检验规则"等其他规则共同构成美国有限责任界定的规则体系,在保持有限合伙人有限责任保护和管理权扩张的平衡中发挥着重要作用。中国移植的美国的"安全港规则"在当下有限合伙运用中却面临种种困难和挑战,存在"南橘北枳"制度移植失败的风险。研究美国有限合伙法中"安全港规则"的嬗变和运用的经验,可以为我国修改和完善有限合伙法上的"安全港规则"提供重要借鉴。     

基于岗位分析理论的公安院校法医学教学探索与实践

岗位分析理论是现代人力资源管理领域一项重要的理论。通过对从事某一岗位的工作者应具备的任职资格和素质要求进行分析研究,从而可根据岗位职业能力需求和工作过程来设计和构建课程。在法医学教学探索与实践中,通过应用岗位分析的理论和研究方法,以公安实战为导向,从不同警种的岗位工作特点出发,分析其完成本职工作所需具备的法医学理论知识和技能,从而逆向构建岗位针对性强、能力主线清晰、理论与实践融合,并具有公安特色的法医学课程。     

Set‐theoretic Multimethod Research: The Role of Test Corridors and Conjunctions for Case Selection

Set‐theoretic multimethod research (SMMR) using Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) formalizes the choice of cases based on a truth table analysis. We make three recommendations for improving SMMR. First, current standards can lead to faulty case selection if causal inference on a conjunction is the goal. Case selection needs to take into account that the non‐members of a conjunction might be empirically diverse and that only selected types of non‐members are ideal for causal inference. Second, we formally show that cases with similar fuzzy‐set memberships in a term and the outcome are the superior choice for process tracing. They minimize the expected membership in the mechanism and make it most difficult to pass a hypothesis test. Third, we propose formulas that comply with all SMMR principles and identify the best pairs of cases for analysis. We illustrate our arguments with a study of the effectiveness of sanctions against authoritarian regimes.     

医疗机构擅自开展计划生育手术涉及的法律问题探讨

通过对一起公立医疗机构擅自开展计划生育手术案的法律适用及所涉及的违法主体处罚问题进行分析探讨，针对本案调查处理存在的问题提出相应建议，为此类案件如何准确地适用法律提供参考。     

作为规制工具的成本收益分析——以美国的理论与实践为例

成本收益分析是美国行政法上一项行之有效的规制影响分析工具。在当代行政法中有效运用成本收益分析,不仅可以起到提高资源配置效率、优化行政规制的作用,而且还能提升现代行政的合法性。通过考察相关案例可以发现,美国司法审查对成本收益分析的态度是一个从否定到肯定的渐进过程,经历了从"如果国会法律没有明确规定,行政机关就不能使用",到"如果国会法律没有明确规定,行政机关可以不使用",再到"如果国会法律没有明确禁止,行政机关就能使用"的变化过程。成本与收益的计算可以通过市场评估法和非市场评估法予以确定。美国行政法上的成本收益分析在质疑与批判中不断发展完善。     

The impact of plurilateral trade agreements on developing countries – to participate or not to participate?

In the wake of the impasse in the Doha Development Round of multilateral trade talks, sector-specific plurilateral trade agreements (PTAs) have been gaining traction. However, PTAs mostly appeal to developed countries, with the uptake among developing countries (including least-developed countries) being very limited. This article investigates the factors contributing to such a phenomenon, whether there is indeed merit in developing countries playing a more active role in PTAs and how they might be encouraged to do so. Both qualitative and quantitative analyses were conducted with specific attention being given to the effects, on a selection of developing countries, of participation in four PTAs: the Trade in Services Agreement, the Government Procurement Agreement, the Environmental Goods Agreement and the Information Technology Agreement II. Among the findings was that although, according to the qualitative analysis, policymakers are generally disinterested in the four PTAs because they are not aligned to the countries’ economic interests or they threaten policy space, the quantitative analysis revealed that gains could often be made from more active participation in these agreements. This clearly points to a research gap and highlights the need for more in-depth analysis of the potential of PTAs in the developing world.     

试析突厥丧葬风俗汉化的历程

汉化是突厥丧葬风俗发展变化的一个重要方面。在其兴起后的数百年中 ,突厥与中原地区有着十分密切的联系 ,先进的汉族文化对其长期的影响促使突厥 (特别是阿史那和阿史德两个核心部族 )在丧葬风俗的发展变化上走过一条汉化的轨迹。本文主要从时代的角度 ,以东西突厥相比较的方式 ,试图分析论证突厥丧葬风俗在中原汉族文化影响下逐步演化的历史进程。