Y-STR profiling in extended interval (> or = 3 days) postcoital cervicovaginal samples

Depending upon specific situations, some victims of sexual assault provide vaginal samples more than 36-48 h after the incident. We have tested the ability of commercial and in-house Y-STR systems to provide DNA profiles from extended interval (> or =3 days) postcoital samples. The commercial Y-STR systems tested included the AmpFlSTR Yfiler (Applied Biosystems), PowerPlex Y (Promega) and Y-PLEX 12 (Reliagene) products whereas the in-house systems comprised Multiplex I (MPI) and Multiplex B (MPB). Three donor couples were recruited for the study. Postcoital cervicovaginal swabs (x2) were recovered by each of the three females at specified intervals after sexual intercourse (3-7 days). Each time point sample was collected after a separate act of sexual intercourse and was preceded by a 7-day abstention period. As a negative control, a precoital swab was also recovered prior to coitus for each sampling and only data from postcoital samples that demonstrated a lack of male DNA in the associated precoital sample was used. A number of DNA profile enhancement strategies were employed including sampling by cervical brushing, nondifferential DNA extraction methodology, and post-PCR purification. Full Y-STR profiles from cervicovaginal samples recovered 3-4 days after intercourse were routinely obtained. Profiles were also obtainable 5-6 days postcoitus although by this stage partial profiles rather than full profiles were a more likely outcome. The DNA profiles from the sperm fraction of a differential lysis were superior to that obtained when a nondifferential method was employed in that the allelic signal intensities were generally higher and more balanced and exhibited less baseline noise. The incorporation of a simple post-PCR purification process significantly increased the ability to obtain Y-STR profiles, particularly from 5- to 6-day postcoital samples. Remarkably an 8 locus Y-STR profile was obtained from a 7-day postcoital sample, which is approaching the reported time limit for sperm detection in the cervix.     

Public support for electoral reform: The role of electoral system experience

What affects public support for electoral reform? How does experience with different electoral systems affect people's willingness to support electoral reform? Given the salience of changes to election rules even when they are passed via the legislature and the increasing use of referenda as alternative mechanisms for change, these questions are critical to understanding when electoral reform will occur. I argue that experience (specifically, with an electoral system similar to that under consideration) affects public opinion by reducing uncertainty about the likely effects of reform and thus affects support for reform (although the direction of the effect depends on partisan bias). Moreover, I argue that experience is most important in the absence of strong party cues. I leverage subnational electoral system variation in the United Kingdom and find that experience does affect support for reform — negative experiences decrease support for reform. The results have implications for the possibility of electoral reform in the UK and beyond.     

党的现代化探析

党的现代化是我们党不能回避的一个重大课题。明确目标和把握要素,是党的现代化的基本要求。促进党的自身建设的科学化、制度化和规范化,是党的现代化的重要任务。建立、完善和创新定位机制、合法机制、整合机制、民主机制、制约机制,是党的现代化的支撑点。     

Spouse abuse: An integrative-interactional model

Although spouse abuse is a psychosocial problem and needs to be addressed from an ecological perspective, many clinicians confront this family issue daily. Outlined are some practical suggestions on how to deal with the abuser and the couple when one or both are clients. This work emphasizes the importance of contracts that are related to the level of work being done. Suggestions are made regarding the important considerations in the first few meetings when working with groups of men in the community. Interventions are derived from a broadly conceived cognitive-behavioral-systems perspective.     

维护国家主权统一是解决台湾问题的核心——学习邓小平“一国两制”理论的一点体会

维护国家主权统一是邓小平"一国两制"构想的基石;海峡两岸的不统一,是一种特殊的主权分离现象;以国家主权统一为立足点,打破僵局,促进和平统一.     

“一国两制”：解决两岸关系唯一正确的战略方针

由于台湾问题至今没有解决,所以国际国内许多人士对我国实行了20多年的"一国两制"战略方针产生了疑问,加之台独分子的肆意歪曲,致使"一国两制"面临严峻考验和挑战.在这种形势下,理清"一国两制"适用对象和客观依据,并将"一国两制"理论与"非一国两制"进行比较分析,有利于我们正确认识和恰当处理两岸关系,有助于我们推动和完成祖国统一大业.     

试论抗战时期的"一国两制"--论国共合作的法制基础

本文主要回顾抗战时期国共两党两种法律制度共存的历史,总结"一国两制"法律制度形成的原因,探讨其主要内容,并对其进行思考,以纪念抗战胜利60周年.     

“一国两制”下的若干宪政问题浅析

“一国两制”的理论和实践,给我国宪政理论提出了许多新课题。如“一国两制”的宪政涵义,“一国两制”与宪法的关系、“一国两制”与港澳基本法的关系、宪法与港澳基本法的关系等,用“一国两制”解决香港问题和澳门问题,不仅对解决台湾问题具有率先垂范的作用,而且能够证明“一国两制”是解决台湾问题的最佳模式。     

论公安教育培训体系的变迁

认识和把握公安教育工作的历史和现状是进一步办好公安教育的客观需要。我国公安教育培训体系的形成,经历了专业训练、在职培训、学历教育与在职培训共存这样一个曲折而漫长的发展时期。目前,公安教育培训体系正在向发展终身教育、实现学历教育与在职培训相互融合的方向继续发展。     

关于公安指挥中心重新定位的思考——首都警方警务指挥体系改革实践的启示

首都警方“加强勤务指挥工作推进社会治安整体防控体系建设”的工作思路,是关于指挥中心重新定位的实践性探索。重新确定指挥中心的地位是社会治安整体防控体系建设的需要,指挥调度作用对象的调整表明指挥中心的职责范围有了重大突破,指挥中心地位及职责范围的重新界定必然要求建立新的运行机制。