A Bloodless Guerrilla Warfare: Why U.S. White Leftists Renounced Violence Against People During the 1970s

Between 1968 and the late 1970s, a significant number of U.S. white leftist groups escalated their protest to armed struggle. After experimenting briefly with violence, they opted for low-intensity armed propaganda that targeted property and avoided hurting people. By contrast, European leftist groups and anti-colonial organizations in the U.S. made extensive use of antipersonnel violence. Why did U.S. leftists eschew attacks against civilians? Scholarship does not explain this case, as it focuses either on the internal dynamics of a single group or on structural variables. Conversely, this article addresses this question through a historical reconstruction and a multilevel analysis. The research identifies the critique and ensuing de-solidarization by the radical milieu as the main factor accounting for the restraint of violence. This article demonstrates that the radical milieu censored and isolated armed groups as soon as they escalated and began to endanger human lives. Therefore, in order to safeguard the solidarity pact with their constituencies, violent fringes moderated their repertoires of action. This article employs primary sources and original interviews with militants to support this claim and to assess the relevance of three concurrent factors: the trauma generated by the “townhouse incident,” the deterrence by law enforcement, and the militants’ socio-economic background.     

The Poets of Marj al-Zuhur: Poetry as the Psychological,Political, and Ideological Weapon of the Hamas Members Deported to Lebanon in 1992

In December 1992, after the kidnapping and murder of a policeman, Israel deported 415 members of Hamas and Islamic Jihad to Lebanon. Most were affiliated with the Hamas political apparatus and had not been involved in terrorism. The deportees decided to stay together and set up a camp in Marj al-Zuhur in southern Lebanon. Here they engaged in study and various cultural pursuits—including poetry writing. Roughly a dozen of the deportees wrote poetry. The poems were read aloud at gatherings in the camp and published in the Arab press. Their main function was to raise the residents’ spirits and keep their plight in the public eye. They incorporate the expected political messages: anger at Israel and criticism of the international community, the Palestinian leadership, and the Arab states, which were prodded to work harder for the deportees’ return. The poetry was part of a successful media and information campaign, which annoyed Israel so much that it allowed all the deportees to return home by December 1993. Some of the poems were later published and helped cultivate the myth of the Marj al-Zuhur deportation, which Hamas viewed as a victory and symbol of steadfast resistance to Israel.     

Deconstructing Mediation: A Case Study of the Cod Wars

In this study, I explore the mediation techniques used by an international organization (IO) to settle an international crisis. Specifically, I have focused on the use of formal and informal techniques with a case study of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization's (NATO) mediation during the Cod Wars between Iceland and the United Kingdom. My analysis indicates that a combination of both formal and informal mediation techniques was instrumental in resolving the Cod Wars conflict. Further research would clarify whether this finding can be generalized to other cases of NATO mediation and interventions of third parties in addition to NATO.     

社会组织参与社会治安管理的实践与思考

从社会发展的需要与社会组织的功能来看,社会组织广泛参与社会治安管理具有必要性与可行性。社会组织参与社会治安管理的方式主要有承包公共服务、利益群体自治、社会慈善救助和民众志愿参与等。社会组织参与社会治安管理必须解决认同感、合法性、社会化和互动性等问题。     

非营利组织及其近义名词：语词变幻的背后

在中国诸多与"非营利组织"词义相近的名词,为争夺官方认可权和大众认可权展开了博弈.其中,"非营利组织"较"非政府组织"的后来居上,"公民社会"取代"市民社会","非营利组织"淘汰"非赢利组织"和"非盈利组织"--这种语词博弈的背后,反映出非营利组织这一西学理念在中国这样一个异质文化的环境中所遇到的引导、牵制和约束.     

走向独立社团:中国工会发展之进路选择

中国工会在不同的历史阶段,发挥了不同的社会作用,与同期的政府先后形成了相互对抗、相互依附的关系。在当今转型社会中,计划经济时代形成的工会组织与政府之间的依附关系,已经严重影响工会作用的发挥;而职工利益保护和公共行政改革要求重塑工会作为社会团体的独立地位,现行立法也为之提供了可能性。同时,工会组织独立性的塑造也要求其代表和维护职工的合法权益这一基本职能的进一步明确。     

Membership Organization’s Social Capital and the Impact on Nonprofit Sector Management

Social capital depicts the extent of mutual trust in a jurisdiction. This study examines the impact of organizational social capital (OSC) on nonprofit (NP) density. Prior studies have argued that OSC positively impacts the community and the organization itself. These studies are either theory- based or survey based. Few available empirical studies also do not examine the OSC of all the counties of the United States. This study overcomes these limitations and finds from the US county-level empirical study that social capital advanced in membership organizations is positively associated with the growth of NP density.     

The global governance of informal economies: the International Labour Organization in East Africa

This article develops a Gramscian approach to the governance of ‘informal’ economies through a historical study of International Labour Organization (ILO) programmes in East Africa. Drawing on Gramsci’s conception of the ‘subaltern’, the article highlights the ways in which the articulation of ‘informality’ in policy documents is coloured by broader struggles over the political organisation of labour. The article develops this argument through two case studies. The first examines the World Employment Programme mission to Kenya in the 1970s that popularised the concept of ‘informal’ labour. The second is a contemporary programme on apprenticeships in the informal economy that originated in Tanzania.     

The Effect of More Demanding Public Services Quality Standards on the Organization of Service Providers

ABSTRACT

This research aims to investigate the effects that more demanding quality standards have on the organization of public service providers. A hypothetical research model showing the relationship between the quality of public service and the organization of public service providers was tested through a survey carried out with managers of water companies located in Italy. Results show that the new regulations impact on the organization in terms of resources and the performance management system, while the degree of centralization (i.e., the hierarchy of authority and degree of participation in decision-making) is not significantly related to the more demanding quality standards.     

调解在我国行政复议中的生存可能性及制度构建

行政复议不适用调解原则,是学界普遍持有的观点.但在行政复议实践中,调解原则的运用却是不争的事实.由于缺乏必要的程序约束,调解的灵活性容易被滥用,从而导致结果的不公正.行政复议中适用调解具有一定的必要性和可行性,借鉴国外行政复议制度进行调解之模式,可对我国行政复议调解制度构建的适用原则、程序规范、机构模式以及救济途径等内容进行初步构建.