互联网平台涉用户数据不正当竞争的中国典型司法实践分析

涉用户数据在互联网平台间流动的正当性边界,已经成为当前中国司法领域的重要课题之一,并在司法实践中呈现出差异化的特征.在对中国关于数据的法律规定以及基于用户公开发布的内容数据、基于用户个人信息数据、基于用户数据加工而成的衍生数据这三类涉用户数据平台间不正当竞争典型案例分析的基础上,可以发现,针对在先平台受《反不正当竞争法》保护的权益范围边界,尚未有明确的司法规则定论,仍需结合个案因素进行利益平衡.具体应区分考虑数据公开或非公开的状态、数据原始或衍生的属性,且对在先平台合法权益的边界判定时需要综合考虑在先平台的投入程度与回报、在后平台使用数据的数量、在先平台被实质替代的程度等因素,从而在互联网数据合理流通与合理保护中实现平衡与双赢.     

Psychological Components of Infertility

Infertility is a medical diagnosis impacting 48.5 million couples globally. Infertility impacts physical and emotional health as well as social and romantic relationships. People with infertility report feelings of distress, grief, anxiety and depression. Couples notice changes in their relationships; some report becoming emotionally closer while others report relationship difficulties. People may feel more isolated due to lack of social support. People that use third party reproduction, such as donor egg, sperm, embryo or gestational carriers, have additional emotional impacts during pregnancy and parenting. Continuing changes to laws complicate international fertility care, particularly given the ongoing COVID‐19 pandemic.     

有组织的合作行动何以可能? ——上海梅村党建激活社区治理实践的案例研究

【问题】社区治理日益成为国家治理和社会治理的关键场域,然而真正实现社区有效治理的情形并不多见。纵观上海梅村30年治理变迁,其从效果不彰转向治理成功,论文将这种转变视作有组织的合作行动所致,进而探究社区治理中有组织的合作行动何以可能、如何可能。【方法】通过5年非连续时间对梅村治理实践及变迁进行的长时段观察,以及对各类人员进行深度访谈,借助个案研究法对梅村治理变迁的内在机制进行了多维度分析。【发现】上海梅村治理的转型体现出政党激活社会、社会助推治理效能的双向运作机理,促进了社区从治理失败到治理成功的转变。一方面,社区党组织通过规则制定和组织观念塑造,以再组织化机制将原先隐蔽的社会力量激活;另一方面,社区居民借助党组织搭建的项目化平台,以自组织化机制参与到社区公共事务治理之中,提升了党建引领社区治理的效能。【贡献】论文批判性地反思了集体行动的经典理论命题,结合特定社区治理情境提出了“政党激活社会”的本土解释框架;从再组织化和自组织化两个方面阐释了党建引领社区治理的有效运作机制,对目前意义宽泛的党建引领机制进行了学理建构,为党建引领社区治理的制度优势转化为实践效能提供了创新视角。     

The Malay Community: Voting Trends and Issues

Abstract

This article attempts to analyse the reasons for the Malay community’s seeming support for the People’s Action Party (PAP) government in Singapore, in spite of online discontent that was expressed towards the party immediately prior to the elections. The article makes three main arguments: first, that the reasons explaining the community’s support for PAP are similar to other Singaporeans, such as the death of founding leader Lee Kuan Yew and the risk-averse nature of the electorate; second, that institutional impediments exist with regard to the community that heavily favour the government; and third, that the main opposition party, the Workers’ Party, has not been able to present itself as a viable alternative to PAP for the community in terms of either quality of candidates or ideas for governance.     

Multi-level voting and party competition in vertically simultaneous elections: the case of Ukraine

Vertically simultaneous elections to state-wide and regional legislatures provide us with a naturally occurring experiment in which to examine regionalism and multi-level voting. We examine the 2006 vertically and horizontally simultaneous state-wide and regional elections in Ukraine to determine how the internal dynamics of regionalism within a state account for the dissimilarity of voting behavior across electoral levels. Drawing on the party competition literature, we demonstrate that variations in both supply (parties) and demand (voters) produce considerable dissimilarity between regional and state results, with lower levels of consolidation and greater fractionalization at the regional level. We show that political cleavages operate differently across levels, that regional distinctiveness rather than regional authority better predicts first order-ness in regional elections, and that voters display varying tolerance for polarization at the regional and state level.     

Collaboration as successful strategy against right-wing populism? The case of the centre-right coalition in Austria, 2000–2007

The article represents the first systematic study of the reactions of political parties and the media as well as national and transnational civil society actors to the rise and inclusion in government in 2000 of the Austrian right-wing populist Freedom Party (FPÖ). Specifically, it investigates the effectiveness of strategies aimed at ostracizing populist actors versus “defanging” them through incorporation in public office. The article finds that turning the FPÖ into a pariah has not been effective in moderating the party or curbing its success. Incorporation in public office has been more effective, however, leading to the near collapse of the FPÖ and the split of the party. Yet, the cause for such an outcome may be found less in the strategy itself by imposing some intrinsic mechanism of moderation but rather in the incompetence and inexperience of populist party politicians unfamiliar with public office. Exclusionary strategies have also the undesirable effect of playing into the narrative of populist actors of being persecuted by the political establishment thereby offering them another means of mobilization. The article concludes that the revival of the FPÖ shows that no strategy can yield lasting success unless the demand-side causes underlying radical right-wing populism are addressed.     

Immoderation: comparing the Christian Right in the US and pro-Islamic movement-parties in Turkey

This article will discuss the “immoderation” of religious political actors – defined as the continuation of a relatively closed and rigid worldview – through a cross-religious comparison of the Christian Right coalition within the Republican Party in the US with the pro-Islamic movement-parties in Turkey. By adapting a “most different systems approach”, this study will question the similar evolution of two religious political actors in two dissimilar political regimes. In particular, it will question the processes and types of immoderation by looking into (1) “behavioural immoderation”, immoderation for the strategic purpose of forming a small yet ideologically pure supporter base, and into (2) “ideological immoderation”, immoderation as a result of a continued advocacy for a moral role for the state without a full embrace of political pluralism. In this, it will argue that religious political actors are strategic actors who try to guarantee their organizational survival amidst changing costs and benefits of moderation vis-à-vis immoderation. Through its discussion of “immoderation” and through its cross-religious comparison, this study will aim to contribute to the inclusion-moderation literature.     

政党的转型还是政党的衰落

为了应对政党衰落的危机,西欧各国不同类型的政党前后进行内部变革,希望通过政党的转型克服面临的危机.但政党的转型并没有给政党带来转机,不同类型的政党不但党员数量继续锐减,而且与过去联系紧密的社会组织的关系恶化,同时,党内也出现了一系列难以解决的问题.西欧国家的政党实现了政党的转型,却仍然继续衰落,其根本的原因在于西欧社会已经是一个中产阶级为主的社会.中产阶级是一个无法形成阶级意识的阶级,它的兴起必然导致政党的衰落.     

城市化进程中农村犯罪预防的博弈诠释

在推进城市化进程中,社会发展资源的有限和共享的矛盾,与犯罪现象的发展变化有着直接的内在联系,尤其在农村,物质文化需要同落后的社会生产力之间的矛盾日趋突出,甚至已经影响到社会的和谐及农村经济的发展。如何提高城市化进程中农村犯罪风险、犯罪成本,进而有效地遏制城市化进程中的农村犯罪,是解决城市化进程中农村犯罪的首要问题。     

中国共产党执政合法性基础的变迁和重塑

对于执政党来说,执政的合法性基础是关系到能否继续执政的重要因素。作为执政党的中国共产党来说,随着执政时间的发展、执政条件的变化,党的执政合合法性基础也发生了变迁。尤其在新世纪以来,世情、国情、党情都发生了深刻的变化,这就使现有的执政合法性基础面临着新的挑战。如何面对新的形势,有效地构建保障党长期执政的新的合法性基础,显然已十分紧要。