完善人民监督员制度的构想——以日本检察审查会制度为借鉴

人民监督员制度是针对检察院直接受理的侦查案件而建立的一种社会监督制度。试点至今,成绩斐然,但亦暴露出制度设计上的缺陷。本文结合人民监督员制度运行的实践,借鉴日本检察审查会制度的经验,就完善人民监督员制度提出构想。     

人民监督员制度研究

人民监督员制度是最高人民检察院为贯彻十六大精神,在当前检察体制改革中推出的又一项重要改革措施,是推进司法体制改革的重要探索。它有利于强化检察机关的外部监督,有利于促进检察机关执法思想、执法观念和执法作风的转变以及维护当事人的合法权益。但是作为一项全新的改革措施,其法理基础,法律根据何在?目前试行中遇到的问题如何分析解决?这些都等待着专家学者和检察实务界的同志去探讨分析。本文即从该制度的理论和现实意义、法理基础方面对其进行分析、透视。最后在此基础上提出若干建议和构想,旨在引起争鸣与讨论,起到为改革拓开思路和出谋划策的作用。     

论人民监督员制度的性质及其完善

现行的人民监督员制度是检察机关的内部监督 ,但是该制度又具有很强的外部监督的属性 ;人民监督员制度能起到明显的监督效果 ,关键在于该制度能以内部监督的形式融入检察机关的工作程序中 ;不应当将人民监督员制度改造成为检察机关的外部监督 ,而应当通过完善相关的制度 ,来保障人民监督员的外部属性。     

民营上市公司财务监督问题——兼评《上市公司治理准则》《证券法》的相关修订

在日本设置监查委员会等三类委员会的公司中,监查委员会和会计监查人为公司财务监督的最终把门人。日本立法者虽然给予了这两大监督机构一定的独立性,但是东芝公司财务造假事件的发生却反映出这两大机构背后的许多问题。我国《上市公司治理准则》和《证券法》对公司财务监督的有关修改难以解决民营上市企业的财务造假问题。在我国,作为民营上市公司内部财务监督把门人的审计委员会和日本的监查委员会一样,有着交叉任职和缺乏专业性的问题,这使得聘任财会专业的专职审计委员显得有所必要。同时,类似于日本的情形,独立性、会计师事务所的强制轮换制度缺失和时间压力是会计师事务所担任我国民营上市公司外部财务监督把门人时所面临的问题,对此可采取的改革措施有赋予审计委员会对会计事务所的选解任权和报酬决定权、限制每年年初前4个月签字会计师审计的公司数量等。     

The organizational justice effect among criminal justice employees: A meta-analysis*

Organizational justice has been shown to be an important predictor of criminal justice employees’ work-related perceptions, attitudes, and behaviors. In this study, we take stock of the organizational justice effect on criminal justice employees’ work outcomes by subjecting the literature to a meta-analysis. Multilevel modeling based on 1,924 effect size estimates drawn from 143 studies (95 independent data sets) was used to establish the empirical status of the organizational justice effect. The results indicate a sizeable relationship between organizational justice and justice system employee work outcomes (Mz = .256, CI = [.230, .283]). The findings also demonstrate that the organizational justice effect size varies slightly across several methodological variations. Specifically, the organizational justice effect size is larger when the concept is measured with scales that contain survey items tapping into all four dimensions of justice. Also, we found that outcome type, presence of confounding mechanisms, research design, and sample characteristics moderate the justice effect. We conclude that organizational justice theory is a useful framework for developing a more theoretically informed understanding of justice system employees’ work outcomes. We discuss the theoretical implications of the meta-analytic findings and avenues for future research based on the results.     

Managing Police Patrol Time: The Role of Supervisor Directives

Contemporary police practice advocates the importance of proactive policing activities. Proactive policing reforms emphasize self‐initiated tasks during unassigned patrol time and directed activities based on supervisor review of crime analysis and problem identification. Our study analyzes data from systematic social observations of police patrol officers to examine how officers spent their discretionary time. We find that, on average, over three quarters of a patrol officers’ shift is unassigned. During this time, officers primarily self‐initiate routine patrol, or back up other officers on calls to which they were not dispatched. Just 6 percent of unassigned time activities are directed by supervising officers, dispatchers, other officers or citizens. Moreover, directives provided by supervisors are vague, general in form, and do not operationalize problem‐oriented policing, community‐oriented policing, or proactive policing strategies. We conclude that first, a very significant proportion of patrol officer time is spent uncommitted that could be better utilized doing proactive, problem‐oriented policing activities, and second, supervisors need to provide patrol officers with much more detailed directives, based on sound crime analysis, to help capitalize on the under‐utilization of patrol officer time.     

变迁语境下人民监督员制度的反思与深化——解读《最高人民检察院关于实行人民监督员制度的规定》

人民监督员制度在历经7年的试行后得到了全面推行。然而,改革并非一劳永逸,制度的规范性文件、选任主体、监督程序以及监督效力等制约人民监督员制度发展的深层次因素仍然存在。在借鉴试点实践的经验和域外制度的基础上,推进人民监督员制度的法制化、确立独立的选任主体、形成正当的监督程序、强化监督的程序性效力是值得我们期待的发展方向。     

马叙伦与教育特税督办公署

马叙伦在中国近现代教育史上扮演过重要的角色，经费问题则是民国时期困扰整个教育界的核心问题之一。教育特税督办公署是段祺瑞临时执政府为解决这一问题而成立的一个特设机构。从马叙伦出任教育特税督办的缘起、经过及各方反应看，这段经历既和他此前在教育界的活动密切相关，又是当时政局变动及教育界派系纷争的集中反映。     

重组改制企业职工持股会问题的初探

职工持股会通过职工出资对企业所有权的参与,把职工与企业的命运连在一起, 进一步调整了劳资关系。建立职工持股会,有利于延伸企业的民主管理。     

构建中国特色国家监察官制度:背景与建议

构建中国特色国家监察官制度是深化国家监察体制改革的重要内容,也是推进国家治理现代化的应有之义。当前还存在一些需要深入探讨的理论问题:一是监察官的准入范围;二是监察官的等级设置;三是监察官制度如何体现"中国特色"。构建国家监察官制度需要分为宏观和微观两个层面实施:宏观层面包括试点、立法和全国推广三个阶段;微观层面包括建立监察官资格确认委员会、考核考试、进入和退出监察官序列四个方面。建立国家监察官制度重点应体现严格选任和从严管理队伍的理念,推动纪检监察队伍的专业化发展。