对创建中国MPP专业学位教育的政策建议

公共政策硕士(Master of Public Policy简称MPP),是西方发达国家从20世纪70年代开始在公共管理教育领域新增设的一种专业学位教育。在我国增设MPP专业学位教育不仅具有必要性、紧迫性,而且具有可能性和现实性。建议我国公共管理研究生教育增设MPP专业学位教育。     

试论采访中职责与伦理的冲突

记者在采访中经常面临职责与伦理“二律背反”的冲突。职责与伦理的涵义分歧,以及公众对记者的角色误读是形成冲突的两个主要原因。应对冲突,记者取舍的首要尺度是“公共利益”,制度设计也有助于化解冲突。     

论中国古代封建统治者对宗教的利用

从封建剥削阶级的利益出发 ,受“神道设教”实用主义宗教观的影响 ,中国古代封建统治阶级把宗教作为维护本阶级统治的工具。宗教主要被用于销蚀人民的反抗意识、神化自身统治、调处民族关系、促进对外交流以及服务于军事和外交     

正交设计优化四味黄连洗剂提取工艺

目的 采用正交设计试验优选四味黄连洗剂的最佳提取工艺。方法 对四味黄连洗剂采用醇提取法,采用L9（34）正交设计法进行试验,对提取次数、乙醇浓度、提取时间和乙醇倍数4个单因素进行试验,以黄芩苷、盐酸小檗碱、大黄素含量及干膏得率为指标,利用综合评分法对数据进行分析,优选出最佳提取工艺。结果 优选出四味黄连洗剂最佳醇提工艺为处方量药材加12倍80%乙醇提取3次,每次1.5 h。结论 试验得到的最佳提取方法稳定可行,可应用于四味黄连洗剂的生产制备。     

Decomposing Audience Costs: Bringing the Audience Back into Audience Cost Theory

According to a growing tradition in International Relations, one way governments can credibly signal their intentions in foreign policy crises is by creating domestic audience costs: leaders can tie their hands by publicly threatening to use force since domestic publics punish leaders who say one thing and do another. We argue here that there are actually two logics of audience costs: audiences can punish leaders both for being inconsistent (the traditional audience cost), and for threatening to use force in the first place (a belligerence cost). We employ an experiment that disentangles these two rationales, and turn to a series of dispositional characteristics from political psychology to bring the audience into audience cost theory. Our results suggest that traditional audience cost experiments may overestimate how much people care about inconsistency, and that the logic of audience costs (and the implications for crisis bargaining) varies considerably with the leader's constituency.     

Winners, Losers, and Efficiency: Achieving Multiple Goals in Japan's Financial System Reforms

When giving policy advice, economists often proceed as if efficiency is the only valid social goal. Although efficiency is important, we argue that single-minded pursuit of it is counterproductive. It unnecessarily erects political hurdles to the enactment of efficiency-enhancing reforms because policy proposals that ignore valid, nonefficiency concerns are more likely to meet political and bureaucratic resistance. Moreover, such resistance may be avoided. A number of design principals can be employed to craft proposals that address political goals without abandoning efficiency. We describe three classes of principles: creative design of market mechanisms, maintenance of marginal incentives, and compensation for losers.We then illustrate their practical application in the context of Japanese financial-sector deregulation. This policy area usefully illustrates the importance of considering multiple goals in policy design. While efficiency is a frequently expressed goal, Japan's continued policy paralysis indicates that the bureaucratic and political goals of major stakeholders make the straightforward deregulation of financial markets difficult to achieve. We do not purport to resolve the entrenched barriers to economic reform in Japan, but to the extent that we identify and address valid nonefficiency goals, the conclusions of the analysis are relevant.     

近30年中国英语课程设计范式变革之检讨及其现实启示

从哲学的范式理论角度来看,影响课程设计的核心因素有国家计划、社会和市场的需求、教学共同体的集体惯性和内部的变革要求以及受教育者的呼声等;本文从历时角度描述并反思近30年来影响英语课程设计范式变革的核心内生和外生变量,阐述其内生和外生变量的运作方式.课程设计范式变革对外语教育的现实启示如教育应根据市场和社会的需求对自身作适当的反思甚至调适、外语教育应和宏观教育结合起来.     

Gender in Climate Change and Disaster Risk Reduction,Manila, October 2008

The Congress on Gender in Climate Change and Disaster Risk Reduction (held in Manila 19–22 October 2008) was the Third Global Congress of Women in Politics and Governance. Its purpose was to provide a forum for decision makers to formulate gender-responsive programmes related to climate change and disaster-risk reduction. More than 200 people participated, including parliamentarians, representatives of environmental and women's organisations, and donor agencies. Proceedings focused on the fact that climate change magnifies existing inequalities, and in particular gender inequality. The Congress issued the Manila Declaration for Global Action on Gender, Climate Change, and Disaster Risk Reduction.     

Mapping the road to development: a methodology for scaling up participation in policy processes

Understanding local variability in context and mobilising local participation to define development agendas are widely accepted development strategies. There remain, however, significant challenges to the systematic and effective inclusion of local communities and households. Projeto MAPLAN, a pilot project in Ceará, Brazil, is a joint effort of the public sector and civil society designed to create a process of participatory development planning which integrates local-level contextual variations. In this effort, the use of a Participatory Geographic Information System (PGIS) stimulates the participation of community members in analysing their needs, goals, and priorities. The visualisation of these factors through easily understood maps facilitates communication and contributes to a democratic and transparent planning process, thus permitting the articulation of local priorities with the state-level planning apparatus. MAPLAN represents part of a shifting paradigm for rural development planning in the state and provides the tools for the effective inclusion of citizen voice in development policy.