GROWTH AND QUALITY OF U.S. PRIVATE PRISONS: EVIDENCE FROM A NATIONAL SURVEY*

Research Summary: Private prisons incarcerate 5.3% of the sentenced, adult population in the United States. The present study presents selected results from a 1999 survey of administrators who monitored private prisons in the United States (or U.S. territories). Among the findings of interest, the private sector experienced significant problems with staff turnover, escapes, and drug use. Where possible, private prison operations were compared with those of the Federal Bureau of Prisons. Policy Implications: Given the issues raised here with public safety, public sector agencies contracting for private prisons need to develop incentives or other means to ensure that private sector operators retain experienced custody staff.     

私人侦探业的社会需求与法律认可

私人侦探业可能给社会造成一定的负面影响,但私人侦探业能更多地满足社会的就业需求,让公民实现劳动的权利;满足了信息的市场需求,分担了国家机关的责任;私人侦探业也是公民实现防卫权、知情权、辩护权的手段,是法律的内在需求。私人侦探业的合法存在与发展,为行业管理和合法经营提供法律保障。     

简论中国国际私法立法

国际私法的性质 ,从目前而言主要还是国内法 ,但正在逐步向国际法过渡。我国国际私法立法历史久远且起点高 ;目前我国国际私法立法在立法模式上不拘于单一形式 ,立法层次多元化 ,但立法技术粗糙 ,法律规范不周延的现象比比皆是 ;中国国际私法立法中直接适用的实体法太少 ,司法解释过多。世界经济一体化为中国国际私法立法带来了机遇。中国国际私法立法应以传统的冲突规则为主体 ,在有限的范围内辅之以现代灵活的法律选择方法。中国亟待一部完整的国际私法典。     

Factors affecting likelihood of hiring private investigators (PI): Citizens' traits and attitudes toward police and PI

The aim of this study is to identify factors affecting citizens' likelihood of hiring private investigators (PI) for resolving their criminal and/or civil matters. Limited research has been conducted to investigate factors relevant to private investigators, but none of prior studies have studied citizens' characteristics and attitudes toward police and PI in this regard. To fill the void of the literature, this study utilized data collected from 225 Korean citizens. Factors examined include citizens' demographics, desire for personalized justice, attitudes toward PI's investigation, fear of crime, and attitudes toward public police. Findings indicate that citizens' desire for personalized justice was the most significant factor affecting likelihood of hiring PI for different types of cases. Results of the finding also showed that citizen's satisfaction with police work was negatively related with likelihood of hiring PIs for their criminal and/or civil cases. Based on results, policy implications for law enforcement were discussed.     

Unpacking the Path‐Dependent Process of Institutional Change for PPPs

In the recent past, several countries and states have begun to use Public‐Private‐Partnerships (PPPs) for infrastructure development and have attempted to create institutional environments that enable PPPs. Providing an enabling environment for PPPs entails a combination of institutional creation and changing existing institutions relating to project procurement. This paper attempts to understand how path‐dependant institutional change takes place in the context of PPPs and their enabling environments, and why different institutional environments evolve differently, using two cases: the implementation of PPPs in the road sector in the Netherlands and in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. We identify two factors that can be used as predictors of the direction of institutional change: a long‐term orientation towards institutional change and a willingness to learn and modify transitional institutions. Where these factors exist, and thereby provide a goodness of fit, institutional change is likely to occur.     

高校学生伤害事故责任问题新探

当今社会,高校学生伤害事故频发并引起社会的强烈关注。如何妥善处理高校学生伤害事故,依法厘清高校责任,既是维护学生合法权益的需要,亦是维护高校教学秩序,维护高校和谐校园建设的需要。高校与学生之间,既非大陆公法学说认为的特别权力关系,亦非私法契约理论认为的私法契约关系或者简单地适用美国宪法理论,更非盲目套用的监护关系,相比之下,双重法律关系说更值得借鉴与探讨。因此,学生与学校之间除有明确的合同关系外,学生伤害事故更应该适用侵权责任法来界定责任。     

论当代武装冲突法面临的挑战

在武力使用借口日益多样,信息网络、无人攻击机以及私人军事、安保公司等新型作战力量和新的方法手段被广泛运用的形势下,武装冲突法出现了效力缺失的局面。对此,一方面应结合武装冲突实践的新特点进行创新发展,制订规范文件弥补法律漏洞,增强可行性与操作性;另一方面积极推进国际合作,进一步完善执行监督机制,保证各国较好地遵守武装冲突法。     

青年恩格斯对私有制的内在批判——基于《国民经济学批判大纲》核心经济范畴的考察

恩格斯在《国民经济学批判大纲》中,主要运用内在批判即内在矛盾的视角分析国民经济学的核心经济范畴,以批判私有制进而揭示资产阶级政治经济学的虚伪性.所谓内在矛盾的分析视角,就是从国民经济学的核心范畴出发,通过揭示私有制条件下经济范畴本身所引起的难以克服的矛盾,指明消灭私有制是扬弃矛盾的前提,因而具有历史必然性.以这样的一个视角展开对资本主义社会的内在批判,表明恩格斯唯物主义转向的基本完成和其共产主义思想的日益成熟.青年恩格斯开启的对资本主义社会的内在批判路径,对于解决市场经济中的突出矛盾和把握中国特色社会主义发展方向具有重要意义.     

两岸中小企业私募债券比较研究

本文针对两岸中小企业私募债券，从发展现状和制度法规两方面进行比较研究。研究结果表明：相较于大陆中小企业私募债券存在制度法规不健全、发债主体受限、风险大、透明度低、流动性低等问题，台湾地区建立了较为完备的体系，仅在转售和信息披露方面存在问题。最后，依据台湾地区的成功经验和不足，提出了进一步发展和完善大陆地区中小企业私募债券市场的建议。     

论中央银行在实现货币主体社会性权利中的作用

金融市场的每个主体都是独立的个体存在,同时也是金融市场的个体成员,不仅有个体利益的追求,同时也具有金融市场的整体利益需求。因此,在金融市场中,作为意志表达的意识形式的权利,就形成了个体性金融权利和社会性金融权利的对立统一关系。作为金融市场中的主体,其个体性权利主张的对象是具有平等地位的金融相对人,其社会性权利主张的对象是金融自律组织和政府。中央银行作为金融政府是金融货币主体社会性权利的主要供给者,在实现金融社会性权利中发挥着最重要的作用。保持货币币值的稳定是货币主体最核心的社会性权利,是中央银行行为的准绳。我国中央银行行为必须以我国金融市场中的货币主体的客观的现实的需要为其磁针的指向。