Robots,standards and the law: Rivalries between private standards and public policymaking for robot governance

This article explains the complex intertwinement between public and private regulators in the case of robot technology. Public policymaking ensures broad multi-stakeholder protected scope, but its abstractness often fails in intelligibility and applicability. Private standards, on the contrary, are more concrete and applicable, but most of the times they are voluntary and reflect industry interests. The ‘better regulation’ approach of the EU may increase the use of evidence to inform policy and lawmaking, and the involvement of different stakeholders. Current hard-lawmaking instruments do not appear to take advantage of the knowledge produced by standard-based regulations, virtually wasting their potential benefits. This fact affects the legal certainty with regards to a fast-paced changing environment like robotics. In this paper, we investigate the challenges of overlapping public/private regulatory initiatives that govern robot technologies in general, and in the concrete of healthcare robot technologies. We wonder until what extent robotics should be governed only by standards. We also reflect on how public policymaking could increase their technical understanding of robot technology to devise an applicable and comprehensive framework for this technology. In this respect, we propose different ways to integrate the technical know-how into policymaking (e.g., collecting the data/knowledge generated from the impact assessments in shared data repositories, and using it for evidence-based policies) and to strengthen the legitimacy of standards.     

论我国民法典应当采纳反致和转致制度

反致是国际私法上一项特有的制度。一个多世纪以来 ,各国学者对它争论不休 ,莫衷一是 ,但这并不妨碍各国实践普遍采纳这一制度。究其原因 ,乃是反致制度有利于公正合理地解决国际民事纠纷 ,符合国家的利益 ,符合国际私法的宗旨和本质。虽然其也受到现代冲突法革命的冲击和挑战 ,但在各国国际私法趋于一致之前 ,仍然有其存在的价值。我国未来的民法典 (涉外篇 )应该采纳反致和转致制度 ,并适当扩大反致制度的适用范围 ,但应以必要和不造成无限循环为限。     

从“卡翁达诉南非共和国总统案”看外交保护的另一种国家实践

外交保护的实施过程可以区分为国内决策阶段和利用国际法向侵害本国人权利的相对国采取措施的阶段。因此,在国内决策阶段中有一种不可忽视的实践,那就是认为从国内法角度来看国家负有以一切可能方式保护本国公民的义务。但是,实际上外交是国家行为,它代表国民的整体利益。因而在具体个案中可能需要从大局出发采取和缓的方式对权益受侵害的国民进行保护或放弃保护。但,必须建立有效的机制以沟通被害者和实行外交保护的公权力机构。在对公共利益和私人利益进行取舍时,可能需要考虑相应的补偿问题。以此为出发点,对将以外交保护方式保护国民作为国家宪法义务的国家实践进行研究。     

村庄公共品供给中的“好混混”

1990年代以后,两湖平原村庄中出现了好混混。好混混的出现源于村庄公共品供给的困境。乡村组织难以抑制公共品供给中的搭便车行为,村庄公共品合作常常因此难以达成。好混混则可以依靠暴力和暴力威胁遏制搭便车行为,维系村庄公共品合作和供给,他们的好由此体现出来。取消农业税后,乡村组织的公共品供给能力更加弱化,农民因此对好混混的需求更甚。好混混这一怪异现象,反映了国家权力在基层社会存在局部不足。     

侵犯公民个人信息犯罪的司法认定

《刑法修正案（七）》增设的侵犯公民个人信息犯罪包括出售、非法提供公民个人信息罪和非法获取公民个人信息罪两个罪名。对个人信息的理解应从广义上把握,即将个人隐私也纳入个人信息的范畴。两罪所要求的情节严重具有各自不同的内容,而不应统一解释。对事前无共谋,事后帮助他人出售非法获取的信息的行为,应以掩饰、隐瞒犯罪所得罪定罪处罚。     

‘Customary internet-ional law’: Creating a body of customary law for cyberspace. Part 1: Developing rules for transitioning custom into law

The shift in socio-economic transactions from realspace to cyberspace through the emergence of electronic communications and digital formats has led to a disjuncture between the law and practices relating to electronic transactions. The speed at which information technology has developed require a faster, more reactive and automatic response from the law that is not currently met by the existing law-making framework. This paper suggests the development of special rules to enable Internet custom to form legal norms to fulfill this objective.     

关于给付行政的若干思考——以德日行政法为中心

给付行政是德日行政法学的一个基础概念与分析工具。虽然近年来我国已开始出现对给付行政的研究,但在一些基础问题上(如含义、涉及范围及相关法律问题等)仍缺少较为深刻的领会。在比较分析德日等国在给付行政研究方面所涉及的基本问题后,分析给付行政研究对于推进我国的行政法学总论与分论研究的意义,并进一步指出我国在进行给付行政研究的时候所需要注意的几个基本理论问题。     

论行政私法行为的法律性质——兼及金融危机背景下政府救市行为的分析

应对当前国际金融危机时,我国地方政府机关采取了包括政府补贴在内的政府救市措施和行为。政府补贴等行为实际上属于行政私法行为,政府机关这类行为的正确使用与否涉及到该类行为法律性质的科学界定。行政私法行为最大的特点是结合了行政和民事的双重因素,具有行政法、私法的双重性质。而混合说可以作为重要标准以识别行政私法行为的行政私法性。这种特殊性质的行为与纯粹意义上的民事行为、行政行为等相邻行为都存在重大区别。     

行政过程中相对人程序性权利的价值

行政相对人的概念已逐步被人们所接受,对其进行更深入的研究是行政法学进一步发展的需要。现代社会对人权的普遍重视反映到行政法中就要求我们尊重和保护行政相对人权利。而现在对行政相对人权利的研究大多是在立法领域与司法领域中,时行政过程中相对人权利的研究却不多,因此,有必要对行政过程进行界定,在此基础上,对行政相对人程序性权利的价值进行分析,目的在于明确其在行政法学理论与实践中不可缺少的地位。程序性权利作为一项没有引起人们足够关注的权利,必将随着人权观念和公民权利观念的发展而日益深入人心。     

Regulating Complex Contracting: A Socio‐legal Study of Decision‐Making Under EU and UK law

The article evaluates interview data on decision‐making under public procurement law using Halliday's analytical model on compliance with administrative law. In this study, unlike other studies on administrative compliance, the decisions faced by public bodies are not routine; they relate to the award of complex, high‐value contracts. Two contrasting decisions in the procurement process are discussed: the decision over the choice of procedure at the outset of the process, and the decision over the extent to which the public body should negotiate with the winning bidder towards the end of the process. The article considers the rationales behind decisions, and finds that, although public bodies are generally predisposed to comply, legal uncertainty means the relevance of commercial pressures and challenge risk impact heavily on approaches to compliance, even shaping understanding of what compliant behaviour actually is.