From porn to cybersecurity passing by copyright: How mass surveillance technologies are gaining legitimacy … The case of deep packet inspection technologies

Recent coverage in the press regarding large-scale passive pervasive network monitoring by various state and government agencies has increased interest in both the legal and technical issues surrounding such operations. The monitoring may take the form of which systems (and thus potentially which people) are communicating with which other systems, commonly referred to as the metadata for a communication, or it may go further and look into the content of the traffic being exchanged over the network. In particular the monitoring may rely upon the implementation of Deep Packet Inspection (DPI) technologies. These technologies are able to make anything that happens on a network visible and recordable. While in practice the sheer volume of traffic passing through a DPI system may make it impractical to record all network data, if the system systematically records certain types of traffic, or looks for specific patterns in all traffic, the privacy concerns are highly significant. The aim of this paper is twofold: first, to show that despite the increasing public awareness in relation to the capabilities of Internet service providers (ISPs), a cross-field and comparative examination shows that DPI technologies are in fact progressively gaining legal legitimacy; second to stress the need to rethink the relationship between data protection law and the right to private life, as enshrined in Article 8 of the European Convention on human rights and Article 7 of the European Charter of fundamental rights, in order to adequately confine DPI practices. As a result, it will also appear that the principle of technical neutrality underlying ISP's liability exemptions is misleading.     

2013~2014年中国—东盟货物贸易数量分析与预测———年度分析系列报告之十一

2013年,中国与各贸易伙伴的贸易增速放缓,在中国的前四大贸易伙伴中,中国与东盟的贸易额增速最快。2013年,中国与东盟的进出口贸易额为4436．1亿美元,同比增长10．9％,中方顺差445．3亿美元,顺差额为2012年的5-3倍。中国与东盟4个新成员国的贸易增势强劲,与6个老成员国的贸易增速缓和,中马贸易额首次超过1000亿美元。一般贸易、外资企业、机电产品仍占主体地位,但局部比重较上年稍有下降。数据检验分析显示,中国、日本、韩国与东盟的贸易保持稳定的协整关系、关联程度。预测2014年的中国～东盟经贸合作仍具有较大持续增长和优化的空间与势头。     

国际货物买卖合同的根本违约制度探析——以《联合国国际货物销售合同公约》为视角

1980年《联合国国际货物销售合同公约》关于根本违约的判断标准有两个,即违约造成损害的严重性（客观标准）,违约造成损害的可预见性（主观标准）。根本违约采无过错责任原则。一旦构成根本违约,买卖双方均可采取的救济措施有：宣告合同无效、损害赔偿和实际履行。我国《合同法》吸纳了《联合国国际货物销售合同公约》中根本违约制度的理念,并在立法上加以创新和完善,但实践证明,我国《合同法》在解除合同的条件等方面,仍有进一步完善的空间。     

Exports as a Determinant of Long-Run Growth in Paraguay, 1966-96

During the 1970s and early 1980s Paraguay experienced relatively high rates of economic growth as well as a boom in primary goods production destined for export. The question which this research addresses concerns the relationship between these events and the applicability of the so-called export-led growth (ELG) hypothesis. The hypothesis is investigated via the use of modern time series methods including Granger causality tests, error correction modeling, and vector autoregression. The basic conclusion reached is that the ELG does not have much relevance to the Paraguayan case.     

Territorial dispossession: dynamics of capitalist expansion in rural territories in South America

The rural territories of the Agrarian South have been occupying a central role as epicentres for the recent dynamics of capitalist expansion. Over the last years this has led to an increase in the process of control and extraction of natural common goods by different mechanisms such as agribusiness, mining-energetic projects, mega-infrastructure building, cultural dispossession and so on. Taking the territory as the central analytical approach that involves different dimensions and scales, we analyse the recent transformations in several rural sceneries from South America where various forms of dispossession of natural goods have been presented. With this perspective, we hope to contribute to the analysis and understanding of the agrarian transformations in the Agrarian South.     

The Mandatory Bid Rule: Efficient,After All?

The mandatory bid rule has its origins in the UK and now applies throughout the EU and in many other jurisdictions. Under a mandatory bid, an acquirer of a controlling stake in a listed company has to offer to the remaining shareholders a buy‐out of their minority stakes at a price equal to the consideration received by the incumbent controller. While the rule warrants that no value‐destroying control transfers take place, it is often criticised for preventing value‐increasing transactions. This paper challenges some of the claims made by critics of mandatory bids. Highlighting the effects of synergy gains in private sale‐of‐control transactions, it is shown that mandatory bids prevent inefficient control transfers, where minority shareholder protection rules provide inadequate protection. Furthermore, mandatory bids help facilitate transfers to the most efficient bidders in multi‐bidder settings. The mandatory bid is justifiable, on economic grounds, in wider circumstances than is commonly assumed by law and economics scholars.     

我国农村公共物品供给机制探究

建立和完善农村公共物品的有效供给机制,对推进我国农村经济社会健康发展具有重要意义。本文在评述国内外相关研究进展的基础上,对我国农村构建公共物品供给机制的必要性进行了分析,提出了完善农村公共物品供给机制的新思路。即构建以需求为主导的农村公共物品供给机制,健全农村公共物品供给的民主决策机制,强化财政和监管制度。     

《反垄断法》私人实施之难题及其克服:一个前瞻性探讨

我国反垄断法的私人实施面临受害人数众多,原告资格难以确认,被告违法行为难以证明,损害赔偿数额难以计算等诸多难题,而竞争文化的缺失,法律工具主义的流行,可能使私人实施反垄断法变得更为困难。将反垄断诉讼之原告限定为直接受违法行为影响的人,以反垄断执法机关或法院作出了被告违法的有效决定或判决作为受理案件的条件,实行因果关系推定原则,统一规定损害赔偿数额的计算方法,重视竞争文化的培育和传播,可有效地克服这些困难。     

国际贸易中海运货差探析

在国际贸易海上货物运输过程中,货差（货物短量）的现象司空见惯。货差发生的原因众多,其中包括运输过程中的运输允耗、装卸允耗和衡重误差等,即通常所说的5‰合理损耗问题。相关国际公约和《中华人民共和国海商法》对此都没有明文规定,给海事审判工作带来诸多不便。从承运人、托运人和提单持有人对合理损耗认识,结合相关案例,对大宗散装货物由于水尺计重在货物交付时发生的货差问题进行分析,借此引起提单持有人、承运人及其代理人对此问题的注意,以进一步维护提单持有人、承运人的利益。     

论我国民事自助行为制度的建构——兼评我国各民法典草案中自助行为的规定

自助行为是相对于公力救济而言的一种私力救济行为。自助行为制度的确立,有利于我国民事权利保护制度的完善。我国目前的民法通则和物权法对自助行为没有设明文规定,因此在实践中我们应借鉴国外有关自助行为的立法和我国目前各民法典草案中有关自助行为的规定。至于我国未来的民法典,当在总则中设立“权利保护”一章规制自助行为,以建构体现现代民法精神的自助行为制度。