Common past - different paths: Exploring state regulation of private security industry in Eastern Europe and post-Soviet republics

ABSTRACT

In this paper, we explore the nature of the security guard industry with a focus on security guard employment relative to police officer, the diverse legislative guidelines pertaining to the scope of their functions, employment eligibility, training, and legal powers in the new independent and post-socialist countries in Eastern Europe and post-Soviet republics. Findings suggest that despite the rapid proliferation of private security industry in the post-socialist countries relative to the gradual growth experienced in the European continent in many of the new independent states, public police continue to play a critical role in the form of employees of state-owned security guard companies. Further, we find considerable disparity in the employment ratios of police officers and security guards in these countries though not much variation in the rigor of legislative framework for private security guard employment in the post-socialist nations appeared, which was minimal at best.     

国门安全治理的跨界性：双层跨域治理框架

国门安全是指口岸监管部门在进出境口岸通过履行其法定职能和被授权执行的法律法规所维护的国家安全和国家利益没有危险、不受威胁的状态以及在进出境环节维护国家安全的能力。国门安全不仅是国家安全的组成部分,也是保障国家其他方面安全及整个国家安全的重要屏障。国门安全是一种国际性的国内安全,具有跨境性与弥散性、动态性与线流性、建构性与主动性、外溢性与共生性以及虚拟性与无界性的特点,这就使国门安全风险的防控时空从口岸沿着跨境供应链前推后移,进而使国门安全表现出跨国公共产品的属性。各国的国门安全相互依存,国门安全治理日益呈现跨越国家边界、职能边界、层级边界、公私边界和时间边界的跨界性,不断提出国内和国际跨域治理的双重需求。然而,当下的国门安全治理存在着“碎片化”困境,体现为治理部门分散化、政策措施割裂化、政策执行差别化和国家间合作机制扩散拥堵等特点。因此,治理国门安全,应构建国内与国际同构的双层跨域治理框架,国际层面由双边和多边机制构成,国内层面由结构性、程序性和技术性机制组成,以实现对国门安全风险的全过程防控和精准化治理。     

全球公共产品视角下的中国国际发展合作

中国的对外援助事业随国际、国内形势而变化。近年来官方对国际发展合作的重视不仅促成中国对外援助指导思想的转变,也为对外援助向国际发展合作转型奠定了理念基础。中国为发展合作提供全球公共产品的实践不断丰富:一是基于本国成功经验而开展的减贫国际合作成为重要公共产品,二是通过创新农业技术合作方式为解决全球粮食安全问题提供更多公共产品,三是借助三方合作更好地创新公共产品供给模式,四是持续加强全球卫生公共产品供给。中国对外援助在取得积极成效的同时,也面临经济、技术实力有限、援助项目可持续性不足、受援国国家治理与互不干涉内政之间协调困难、国际发展合作的话语权有待提升等挑战。未来,中国应注重从制度建设、资金筹集、可持续性提升、受援国能动性发挥、国际话语权提升等方面做更充分准备。     

论国际海上货运纠纷中经济损失的可赔性

海上货物运输纠纷中的损害事实指货方由于承运人的违约行为而遭到的损失 ,从实际发生的角度来看 ,损失包括货物物质上的损失以及经济损失。所以明确经济损失的可赔偿性以便以统一的尺度确定承运人的赔偿责任已成为当务之急。     

Philanthropy and Civil Society: Comparative Perspectives on Private Solutions to Public Problems

Abstract

This article outlines a graduate course about private philanthropy in a public affairs program. Using an experiential learning model called student philanthropy, the course provides students the opportunity to examine philanthropic behavior at a global scale and advances a major debate in the field of philanthropy that compares the merits of giving locally versus giving internationally.     

论国际海上货物运输领域中的首要义务

对首要义务进行界定,指出首要义务是合同义务群中的主给付义务,是即使存在不负责事项时仍被考量是否有效履行的义务。分析和评价国际海上货物运输合同领域中关于首要义务的争论,指出目前海商法学界关于首要义务的讨论仍处于讨论主题不明确的状态,这是由国际海上货物运输合同自身特征所决定的。为方便相关纠纷解决,建议参照《日本国际海上货物运输法》《1990年韩国商法典》等的规定,直接在法律中明确首要义务的规定。     

Do donors cooperatively fund foreign aid?

Donor’s demand equations for alternative forms of aid are derived for three allocation processes: noncooperative Nash-Cournot, cooperative Lindahl, and bureaucratic. Based on OECD data for official development assistance for 1970–2001, we apply non-nested tests to distinguish between Nash-Cournot and Lindahl reduced-form equations for 15 major donor nations. Noncooperative Nash-Cournot behavior characterizes many donors, with a few abiding by bureaucratic behavior and none by Lindahl behavior. Joint products are present for multilateral and bilateral giving. Despite the common-pool nature of giving to multilateral organizations, countries derive donor-specific benefits and often view others’ donations as complementary to their own gifts.      

记名提单无单放货的解释论

记名提单无正本提单放货现象在国际贸易中普遍存在,成为贸易欺诈的温床之一。理论界和司法实务界对我国《海商法》中关于记名提单的规定意见不一。问题的关键在于正确运用法律解释方法。采用解释现行法的立场应当以立法者的规范目的为解释目标,不应偏重比较法的解释方法。从文义解释出发,以历史上海商法立法者的规范目的为基础,结合对《汉堡规则》第1条第7款关于提单定义的正确理解,从《海商法》第71条可以推论出,记名提单下承运人须凭正本提单交付货物,这是法律规定的承运人的交货条件,同时也是承运人的合同义务。采用体系解释标准,将我国《合同法》第133条、135条关于货物交付与单证交付的效力规定与《海商法》第71条、78条、79条相结合,可以得出在我国现行法律体系下,提单(包括记名提单)具备物权凭证属性的结论。我国的记名提单法律制度适应了我国国际贸易发展的需要,不应轻言修改。     

中央政府全额承担农村义务教育投入的经济学分析

本文在分析我国目前义务教育投入现状的基础上,主要从消费者行为理论、经济的外部性、公共产品性质和政府的经济职能等角度分析农村义务教育投入由中央政府全额承担的经济学要求。     

Jurisdiction problems regarding Internet torts: Critical remarks

As the facts that led to the Dow Jones/Gutnick-decision of the High Court of Australia (10 December 2002) illustrate, the Internet is a powerful platform for communication. Its continuous worldwide accessibility urges discussion of a number of questions regarding tort jurisdiction. These are the starting points for some critical remarks regarding states' reciprocal claims to cross-border activities and the way in which they deal with the interests of the involved parties. For tort jurisdiction, the paper proposes and applies criteria for the assessment of the place where the harmful event has occurred or may occur (art. 5, subsection 3 Regulation 44/2001), as explained by the European Court of Justice of the European Union. Special attention is hereby given to some particularities that characterize Internet torts. On the one hand it concerns the alleged global assignment of jurisdiction that art. 5, subsection 3 may lead to and on the other hand the scope of the assigned jurisdiction in the court of the place where the damage occurs. The European approach is confronted with the principles of personal jurisdiction that are embedded in long arm statutes and the Due Process Clause, as applied in some leading American cases regarding Internet jurisdiction. It leads to suggestions regarding the development of a marginal test for the reasonableness of the jurisdiction art. 5, subsection 3 could lead to in a particular case, as well from the point of view of the weight of the connecting factor as to the scope of the jurisdiction that is based upon it.