Testing the Reciprocal Effects of Campaign Participation

Questions persist regarding the robustness of cross-sectional estimates of effects of variables that are themselves endogenous to the participation process. On one hand, the consequences of working on a campaign have interesting implications for democratic society. Less benign, however, is the possibility that failure to control for reciprocal processes leads to biased estimates of the causes of campaign participation. I use a panel of Democratic and Republican contributors interviewed following each of the past three presidential elections (1996, 2000, and 2004) to explore the relationships between campaign participation and three variables typically parameterized as predictors of participation: receiving a contact, ideological extremism, and strength of party identification. The effect of strength of party identification on campaign participation proves robust; however, I find that nearly all of the associations between contacts and participation and ideological extremism and participation appear to extend from, not into, participation and past participation.

中国行政审批制度的结构与历史变迁——基于历史制度主义的分析范式

用历史制度主义的分析范式,检视中国行政审批制度的结构与历史变迁,是解读该项制度变迁全貌的一个新的视角.国家宏大制度背景决定行政审批制度的选择,国家制度背景的变迁也导致行政审批制度的不断变更与革新;各种相关政治变量,包括经济水平、利益关系以及意识形态等因素与行政审批制度之间存在一种序列结构,行政审批制度与其它政府政策或制度之间也存在类似的序列结构,这种政治变量序列结构使行政审批制度处于一个制度矩阵当中,影响并制约着行政审批制度的安排;制度与制度制定及执行者之行为的互动模式则推动行政审批制度的变迁.行政审批制度变迁具有路径依赖性,也存在"历史否决点",而制度激励和制度创新是打破"历史否决点",提升制度绩效的必要手段.为此,行政审批制度的进一步变迁需要重塑政府理念,打造治理型政府,并转变政府职能,推进行政体制改革.而且,行政审批制度的进一步变迁必须契合社会主义市场经济体制的客观需要,适应加入WTO新形势的迫切要求.     

Structural change versus turnpike optimality: A Polish perspective

Using a modified dynamic IO model for Poland which allows taking into account actual trends observed in recently available statistical data we compare the rate of economic growth calculated for different growth paths resulting from the model. The goal of the research was to examine the distance between the actual structure of production and the structure on the turnpike and its impact on the economic growth of the economy under study. The results of the study indicate that the impact of structural change on output takes place in three general stages. The benefits of structural change do not outbalance the corresponding costs immediately, since it takes several periods until the growth rate of those paths which are closer to the von Neumann ray become larger than the corresponding growth rate of the benchmark growth path.     

中国情景下的非营利组织市场导向结构研究

在文献回顾的基础上,通过访谈、预试和大样本调查,对我国非营利组织市场导向的结构进行了实证研究.根据访谈内容的编码分析和预试,初步确定非营利组织市场导向量表的题项.采用探索性因子分析、验证性因子分析和结构方程模型.对来自223家非营利组织的问卷调查数据进行了分析.结果表明,我国非营利组织市场导向是一个五因子的结构模型:顾客导向、内部协调、信息收集、行动反应、强调生存.所发展出的非营利组织市场导向量表具有良好的信度水平、收敛效度和区别效度;法理效度的检验还同时表明了非营利组织市场导向对组织的顾客绩效和财务绩效均具有显著正向影响.测量结果显示,样本非营利组织的总体市场导向程度偏低,另外从各组成维度来看,样本非营利组织在实施市场导向活动时,一般较为关注顾客导向、行动反应和内部协调.但是对信息收集和强调生存等方面尚未给予足够的重视.     

探微多义词的理论发展

在语义学的历史上,许多学者都研究过重要的语义现象———多义词。为了更加详细地阐述多义词的理论发展,介绍了多义词的定义,三种研究多义词的角度,即形式主义方法、结构主义方法、认知方法,且在认知方法中阐述了多义词的认知模式,多义词的意义扩展,多义词的跨语言学研究,并且在研究过程中介绍了多义词有关理论的优点及发展空间。     

Maximum likelihood estimation of structural VARFIMA models

This paper considers the maximum likelihood estimation of a class of structural vector autoregressive fractionally integrated moving-average (VARFIMA) models. The structural VARFIMA model includes the fractional cointegration model as one of its special cases. We show that the conditional likelihood Durbin–Levinson (CLDL) algorithm of Tsay (2010a) is a fast and reliable approach to estimate the long-run effects as well as the short- and long-term dynamics of a structural VARFIMA process simultaneously. In particular, the computational cost of the CLDL algorithm is much lower than that proposed in Sowell (1989) and Dueker and Startz (1998). We apply the CLDL method to the Congressional approval data of Durr et al. (1997) and find that the long-run effect of economic expectations on Congressional approval is at least 0.5718, which is over twice the estimate of 0.24 found in Table 2 of Box-Steffensmeier and Tomlinson (2000). This paper also tests the divided party government hypothesis with the CLDL algorithm.     

Regional lobbying and Structural funds: Do regional representation offices in Brussels deliver?

In recent years regional representation offices have proliferated in Brussels. Among the many aims of these offices are influencing the allocation and securing the transfer of European Structural and Cohesion funds. However, our knowledge about whether they have succeeded in this goal is limited. In this paper, we assess whether regional offices in Brussels have managed to affect the commitment and payment of Structural and Cohesion funds beyond the officially stated economic criteria of eligibility. The paper uses a custom-made survey of Brussels offices, complemented by economic, institutional, and political data. The results of the analyses for 123 regions over the period 2009–13 highlight that the capacity – proxied by the budget and staff of the office – of the regional offices to influence the commitment and payment of Structural and Cohesion funds has been negligible, when not outright negative. Regional lobbying in Brussels does not lead to more funds or to an easier disbursement of regional development funds.     

非政府组织与政府的关系--资源相互依赖理论的视角

从"公共组织间关系"的角度研究非政府组织与政府之间的关系,是对传统"政府间关系"视角的一种部分超越,因此得到了学术界的广泛认同.但是,绝大多数研究者都将非政府组织作为同质性的整体进行研究,忽视了非政府组织之间存在的巨大差异,因此,存在着一些缺陷与不足.从资源相互依赖理论的视角出发,分析了政府与非政府组织在资源上的相互依赖关系以及不同的政府-非政府组织关系类型,认为非政府组织在获得资源的途径方面具有结构性的差异;因此,非政府组织与政府之间的关系具有结构性的差异;非政府组织对于政府资金支持的依赖关系并不必然导致其自主性的丧失.     

Steven Chaffee and the Future of Political Communication Research

This article discusses four basic characteristics of Steven Chaffee's research: going beyond the "common research wisdom," careful explication of concepts, avoiding unsubstantiated charges against the media, and investigation of the social aspects of communication. The evolution of political socialization research is used as an example of how these characteristics have strengthened Chaffee's contribution to that area and to the larger field of political communication. It is argued that the future of this field would benefit from emulation of these characteristics. Continuing problems of political communication research are noted, and various emerging problems are discussed.     

两种桑黄多糖的结构分析及其抗炎活性研究

目的 从瓦尼桑黄Sanghuangporous vaninii中分离纯化多糖,研究其结构特征及体外抗炎活性。〖JP〗方法 采用水提醇沉法获得桑黄粗多糖（Sanghuang Polysaccharide, SHP）,并利用Cellulose DE-52和Sephadex G-100色谱柱对其进行分离纯化。采用凝胶色谱—示差—多角度激光散射（gel permeation chromatography-refractive index-multi angle laser scattering,GPC-RI-MALS）、离子色谱（ion chromatography, IC）、傅里叶变换红外光谱（fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, FT-IR）、扫描电子显微镜对多糖结构进行分析;利用ELISA试剂盒测定一氧化氮（nitric oxide,NO）及炎症细胞因子肿瘤坏死因子-α（tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α）、白细胞介素-6（interleukin-6, IL-6）和白细胞介素-1β（interleukin-1β, IL-1β）释放水平。结果 从瓦尼桑黄中分离纯化得到两组均一酸性多糖SHP-1-1（0.1 mol/L NaCl）和SHP-2-1（0.2 mol/L NaCl）。SHP-1-1的重均分子量为333.599 kDa,由岩藻糖、阿拉伯糖、鼠李糖、半乳糖、葡萄糖、木糖、甘露糖、葡萄糖醛酸按照11.48∶0.18∶0.28∶17.86∶27.71∶0.64∶11.75∶0.94的摩尔比组成;SHP-2-1的重均分子量为563.032 kDa,由岩藻糖、阿拉伯糖、鼠李糖、半乳糖、葡萄糖、木糖、甘露糖、葡萄糖醛酸按照0.73∶0.14∶0.32∶1.13︰14.96∶1.04∶3.79∶1.50的摩尔比组成。SHP-1-1和SHP-2-1能够降低脂多糖诱导的RAW264.7细胞中NO、TNF-α、IL-6和IL-1β水平,其半抑制浓度为32.35～96.31 μg/mL。结论 SHP-1-1和SHP-2-1是具有抗炎活性的均一多糖,其结构和活性研究为瓦尼桑黄的开发和利用提供了一定参考。