Democratization and Transitional Justice

Any country which attempts to establish accountability for past abuses of human rights during the process of democratization faces political, judicial, and ethical problems. With regard to politics, the question of which transitional justice measures are appropriate, functional, and feasible has to be decided for every individual case. A judicial approach has to decide which judicial standards to apply and how to justify prosecution. Finally, the ethical dilemmas of dealing with historical injustices have to be understood. There are no ready-made concepts to define guilt and justice. In many cases it is even difficult to tell the victims from the perpetrators. This study examines the different strategies subsumed under the term ‘transitional justice’ used by emerging democracies to deal with a legacy of human rights abuses. It explores the problems and challenges posed by different mechanisms of reconciliation and societal reintegration. While existing analyses of the contribution that transitional justice measures make to the process of social re-integration stress the importance of consensus among citizens and social groups for the emergence of trust and solidarity, this study suggests also thinking about how conflicts over competing ‘truths’ can help to build social capital and reconciliation. Noting a global diffusion of international legal norms, which means at least formal universal acceptance of basic rights and judicial procedures, it is argued that international justice cannot be a substitute for transitional justice measures taken by the domestic regime itself.     

EU Legislation to Reduce Carbon Emissions from Cars: Intergovernmental or Supranational Policy Making?

This article examines the making and implementation of the 2009 European Union (EU) regulation on cars and CO₂ emissions (Regulation [EC] No 443/2009). As the first legally binding measure to target the CO₂ emissions of passenger cars, this regulation represents a milestone in EU efforts to reduce the climate impacts of road transport. The analysis draws on two central theoretical perspectives on EU policy making: liberal intergovernmentalism and supranationalism. Both offer important insights, but their explanatory power varies with the policy‐making phase in focus. The analysis shows that the Commission and the car industry were instrumental in shaping what eventually became an industry‐friendly regulation applicable in all EU countries. However, far from being a case of closed negotiations between the industry and the Commission, Germany and other EU countries defending the interest of manufacturers of high‐emission vehicles made use of their powers during the decision‐making phase and succeeded in watering down the Commission's proposal.     

Justice Without Transition: Truth Commissions in the Context of Repressive Rule

While the study of transitional justice, and especially truth commissions, has gained in popularity over the past two decades, the literature is overwhelmingly focused on activities in democratizing states. This introduces a selection bias that interferes with proper analysis of causes and consequences of transitional justice on a global scale. In this paper, I discuss conditions under which new repressive elites, and even old repressive elites who survive to rule and repress in nominally new systems, may choose to launch broad investigations of the past. I argue that such a decision is based on two primary considerations, the presence of internally or externally based incentives (e.g., foreign aid) and the level of political control enjoyed by old elites in the new system. I apply this argument to post-Soviet Central Asia, including a detailed case study of Uzbekistan’s 1999 truth commission based on domestic media analysis and local elite interviews.

外行领导内行?——专业型组织、专家型领导与新冠肺炎疫情防控

专业型组织或知识密集型组织的核心员工都是专业人士,如何对他们进行有效领导一直存在争议。专家型领导理论认为要内行领导内行,但干部管理制度在实际运行时通常导致外行领导内行。本文以新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎疫情防控为案例,对地方卫生健康部门的领导干部履历进行分析,探究如何通过专家型领导来强化科学防控。对于专业型组织而言,应尽可能选派专家型领导,不应过分强调内行领导内行,专业知识和技能只是领导胜任力的维度之一。不同层级和部门的领导干部需要具备不同的能力组合,可以通过加强轮岗和培训来提升他们的全面领导能力。     

论行政执法外部监督中正式监督机关的确立

在检察机关、监察机关的参与之下,行政执法外部监督的力量越来越充足,但这些主体皆为非正式行政执法监督机关,监督活动缺乏统筹安排,难以形成稳定可靠的监督秩序,因而需要确立正式的外部监督机关,发挥一定的牵引作用。检察机关因法律监督对象的广泛性,具备将监督对象拓展至行政机关的可行性,因其在法律实施中开展合法性监督的专业优势,具备将其机关职能拓展至行政执法监督的适当性,所以比监察机关更适于成为正式的行政执法监督机关,这也是检察机关法律监督对现行国家行政监督体系的补强优化。在权力配置上,检察机关需要配以调查权、合法性评议权和程序性处置权,同时要保持监督权行使的限度,避免脱离行政执法合法性监督的焦点,尊重行政执法的独立自主,并与其他国家机关分工协作、形成监督合力。     

看守所留所服刑犯监管工作现状浅析与思考

对留所服刑犯的教育改造是公安机关监管工作的一项重要职能。但受职能定位和法律性质不明、缺乏监管设施和专业警力不足等不利条件所限,看守所至今无法形成统一规范的监管标准和管理模式。调整监区布局,重组监区警力,建立一个全市留所服刑犯集中改造的场所,是现阶段提高看守所监管效能的一套行之有效的措施。     

检察机关诉讼职权与监督职权的优化路径

检察机关诉讼职权和监督职权的科学配置关系到检察机关诉讼权与法律监督的有效行使,是司法改革的重点。诉讼职权和监督职权具有各自的内涵;我国现行检察权配置还存在一定的问题,需要通过完善立法、梳理检察部门、健全监督机制、深化诉讼监督改革等措施来优化诉讼职权和监督职权。     

论自由贸易区试验下的反洗钱监管法制

自由贸易区试验下频繁流动的跨境资金以及相对宽松的监管环境必然对自贸区及整个国家的反洗钱工作形成挑战。犯罪分子通过多种方式利用自贸区洗钱或进行恐怖融资,严重影响自贸区的国际信誉,冲击国家金融秩序甚至危及社会稳定。我国应当进一步落实FATF《新四十项建议》,同时借鉴发达国家针对自贸区洗钱的反洗钱经验,建立并完善我国的自贸区反洗钱监管法制。有必要完善与国际标准接轨的多层次的监管法律体系,全面推行风险为本的反洗钱方式,同时在部际联席会议制度下协调中央与自贸区及各部门之间的监管,在国际层面上进一步加强反洗钱的国际合作。     

Privacy and the regulation of 2012

This paper explores the European Commission’s proposal for a new Regulation to update and reform data protection law in Europe. As regards the Regulation itself, without presenting an exhaustive analysis of all the provisions, this paper aims to highlight some significant changes proposed to the data protection regime by comparison between Directive 95/46 and the proposed Regulation. It takes particularly into account legislative innovation concerning data protection principles, data subjects’ rights, data controllers and data processors obligations, and the regulation of technologies. Before analyzing these innovations, it introduces some considerations about the Commission’s choice to use a Regulation instead of a Directive to harmonize national data protection regime.     

我国侦查主体与侦查权的合理设置与配置

我国现行侦查主体设置与侦查权配置的二元化模式不符合国际"侦查主体一元化"的潮流,因此后者必然成为我国在此方面改革的借鉴。"检警一体化"的侦查模式由于其存在特定缺陷也难以与我国历史情况与现实国情契合,因此按"警察一体化"的侦查模式重新调整我国现有的检警关系成为我国对此改革的方向。独立、垂直的职务犯罪侦查局的设置可以将剥离出来的检察机关对职务犯罪的侦查权和纪委对党员干部涉嫌职务犯罪的调查权或称之为"准侦查权"合并吸纳,有利于对职务犯罪的实际预防、控制和惩处。