海牙《协议选择法院公约》对中国国际私法立法的启示

海牙《协议选择法院公约》作为国际范围内统一民事管辖权和外国判决的承认与执行的重要成果,建立了“排他性法院选择协议”的管辖权模式,采用了新的“国际性案件”划分标准,鼓励选择诉讼作为解决争议的方式,针对被请求国承认和执行惩罚性赔偿判决问题达成了妥协,为中国国际私法立法,特别是《民事诉讼法》的修订具有重大启示。     

Supreme Court Legitimacy and Group-Centric Forces: Black Support for Capital Punishment and Affirmative Action

The Supreme Court has addressed capital punishment and affirmative action many times and, as a result, has had sweeping policymaking effects. For that reason, we argue that black opinion on capital punishment and affirmative action will be shaped by diffuse support for the Court. We also recognize the important role of group-centric forces in shaping black opinion. We find that diffuse support for the Court leads blacks with lower levels of race consciousness to be more supportive of capital punishment and less supportive of affirmative action, positions in line with the Court's decisions on these issues but contrary to black interests. The Court, however, is not able to throw its cloak of legitimacy around its policy position for blacks with the highest levels of group consciousness.     

论国家实施国际犯罪的责任

国家实施国际犯罪需要承担相应责任,在国家犯罪中起直接作用的具体人员必须承担个人责任。适用于个人的刑罚已由《国际刑事法院罗马规约》作出规定,而针对国家这一抽象实体的责任形式应是集法律、政治、道义和经济为一体的混合处罚措施。国际刑事法院在追究国家罪责的司法活动中需要加强与联合国安理会的合作,且得到世界各国的大力支持,这样才能对国家作出限制主权、罚金、经济制裁等处罚措施并实际执行。     

对民事诉讼法律关系若干问题的再思考

民事诉讼法律关系不仅是指法院与一切诉讼参与人之间,而且也是当 事人彼此之间以及当事人与其他诉讼参与人之间的诉讼权利义务关系;而区分诉讼 法律关系主体和诉讼主体概念的外延和界定其内涵,更易准确把握二者质的规定性、 把握其之于民事诉讼的不同意义。同时,树立法院与当事人在民事诉讼法律关系中 的地位平等的观念,并恰当理解和把握法院在民事诉讼法律关系中的主导地位,将对 更为合理地配置诉讼主体及其彼此之间的诉讼权利义务和更为科学地设置诉讼结构 大有裨益。     

欧洲共同体法院的直接诉讼

欧洲共同体法院 (EuropeanCourtofJustice)是欧洲共同体的最高司法权威 ,它的设立旨在确保欧洲共同体法律在成员国之间得以统一解释和遵守。直接诉讼 (Directactions)使得欧盟组织、成员国以及自然人、法人可以向欧洲共同体法院直接提起针对其他欧盟组织或者成员国的诉讼 ,是欧洲共同体法院受理的主要诉讼方式。     

The necessity of the implementation of Privacy by Design in sectors where data protection concerns arise

This article examines the extent to which Privacy by Design can safeguard privacy and personal data within a rapidly evolving society. This paper will first briefly explain the theoretical concept and the general principles of Privacy by Design, as laid down in the General Data Protection Regulation. Then, by indicating specific examples of the implementation of the Privacy by Design approach, it will be demonstrated why the implementation of Privacy by Design is a necessity in a number of sectors where specific data protection concerns arise (biometrics, e-health and video-surveillance) and how it can be implemented.     

经济法规的合宪性审查标准——基于对美国联邦最高法院判例的考察

对法律文件的违宪审查是我国合宪性审查体系的重要组成部分。在美国的违宪审查实践中,针对法律所涉及的内容,分别存在着合理审查、中等审查和严格审查等不同的审查标准。对于经济领域的法律,一般采用合理审查标准,但近年来在涉及言论自由的经济领域,其审查标准往往会提高。在我国的合宪性审查制度中,如果法院在个案审判中发现法律存在违宪嫌疑时,可以建立向最高人民法院移送的机制,并通过听证程序进行充分论证以决定是否向全国人大常委会提出合宪性审查请求。在审查中,对于我国的经济法律不宜直接采用合理审查标准,而应提高审查标准。     

Judgement without justice: on the efficacy of the European human rights regime

The European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) is widely regarded as the most important human rights court worldwide. This article investigates the extent to which the court addresses cases from countries with the worst human rights performance. Using a new data set on all ECtHR judgments from 1995–2012, the analysis suggests that the ECtHR does not deliver its judgments against members of the Council of Europe with the worst human rights records, but instead against more democratic and affluent states. The reason is that litigating in front of a supranational court requires capacities that vulnerable people are unlikely to possess, except when aided by transnational advocacy groups. However, more judgements are issued against countries that lack independent judiciaries, where cases are less likely to be resolved at the domestic level. While the ECtHR might not address the worst human rights crimes, it plays a subsidiary role in the European human rights protection system by compensating for weak domestic judiciaries. However, the court's inability to independently pursue litigation, together with the lack of capacity in some countries to bring cases forward, have hampered more effective protection of human rights for the most vulnerable in Europe.     

国际法院咨询管辖权初探

从常设国际法院到国际法院,其咨询管辖权和“司法性”之间的协调一直是一个难题。要想满意地解决法院当前面临的困境,不必急于扩大有权寻求咨询意见的机构的范围,而必须确保各机构在利用国际法院的咨询管辖权时,更多的是出于解决法律问题的目的而非政治目的。     

侦查人员出庭作证的法律依据辨析

侦查人员出庭作证已列入我国新一轮司法改革方案之中,但理论界对侦查人员出庭作证的法律依据一直存在争论。有的认为《刑事诉讼法》第48条规定的证人包含了侦查人员,此条即为侦查人员出庭作证的法律依据;也有的认为《刑事诉讼法》第28条关于侦查人员应当回避的规定实际上否定了侦查人员出庭作证的资格。笔者对上述意见概不同意,认为在我国现行刑事诉讼法上侦查人员出庭作证是有依据的,只是不够直接、明确,应当根据侦查人员的法定职责、审判活动的实际需要、侦查人员及侦查工作的特殊性等因素完善侦查人员出庭作证的法律依据。