论国际刑事法院与其他国际机构的关系

国际刑事法院是一个追究个人刑事责任的常设性国际刑事司法机构,它既不同于只处理国家间争端的国际法院,也不同于安理会特设的几个国际刑庭。其补充管辖原则表明,它对国内法院起着补充作用而不是优先于国内法院行使管辖权。国际刑事法院与联合国安理会是合作与协调的关系,但规约第16条规定安理会以通过决议的方式要求法院推迟调查和起诉这个机制存在很大的缺陷,它为政治干涉司法提供了方便之路。     

解读《最高人民法院关于审理无正本提单交付货物案件适用法律若干问题的规定》

在中国海事审判中,无正本提单交付货物纠纷案件呈逐年上升趋势。由于《中华人民共和国海商法》关于提单以及提单项下货物交付的规定比较原则,造成审理无正本提单交付货物纠纷法律适用方面的困难。为解决海事审判中出现的法律适用方面问题,根据《中华人民共和国海商法》《中华人民共和国合同法》《中华人民共和国民法通则》等有关法律规定,总结中国海事审判经验,参照国际海运惯例、国际海事公约,借鉴国际海事司法的通常做法,最高人民法院民事审判第四庭起草了《最高人民法院关于审理无正本提单交付货物案件适用法律若干问题的规定》,并于2009年3月5日起施行。从规定适用的提单范围,承运人无单放货的责任,承运人无单放货是否可以享有责任限制,承运人提单审查的风险责任,承运人承担赔偿责任的范围,可否免除承运人的赔偿责任,可否免除承运人交付货物的责任,对记名提单持有人所享有权利的限制,免除承运人交货义务,无正本提单交付货物的连带责任,实际交付货物的托运人可否有索赔权,正本提单持有人的索赔权以及正本提单持有人索赔的诉讼时效等方面对规定加以阐述和说明。     

中国行政司法监督的困局与出路

对国家行政权的行使实行全方面的密切监督,这既是传统法学的要义之一,又是现代法治的基本特征之一。中国改革开放三十年最大的法治成果之一,就是建立了行政诉讼制度,并相应地制定了《中华人民共和国行政诉讼法》。但中国目前的行政诉讼以及通过司法审查实现的行政司法监督,由于观念的滞后和体制的欠缺正处于欲罢不忍、欲进不能的困局之中。分析这种困局产生的原因并找出走出困局的出路,正是当下中国法学界面临的紧迫课题。本文尝试对此做些探讨。     

Economics of court performance: an empirical analysis

This paper proposes an empirical analysis of Spanish court performance using the economic approach. An econometric model will be estimated in order to answer two basic questions: (1) why some courts’ output it is greater than others? (2) Could courts produce a higher output using their actual resources? In addition it will be determine, by means of an analysis of variance (ANOVA), whether courts showing higher than average output have dictated resolutions with a higher reversal rate.     

An experimental evaluation of teen courts

Teen Court (TC) is a juvenile diversion program designed to prevent the formal processing of first-time juvenile offenders within the juvenile justice system. TC instead utilizes informal processing and sanctions in order to prevent future offending. Despite its widespread popularity throughout the United States of America, little rigorous research has been conducted on the effectiveness of the TC model for reducing recidivism. Using an experimental design, this study examined the effectiveness of TC in reducing recidivism and improving the attitudes and opinions of juvenile offenders in comparison with a control group of youth who were formally processed. Self-reported delinquency was higher for those youth who participated in TC. TC youth were also found to have significantly lower scores on a scale of belief in conventional rules than had youth who were processed in the Department of Juveniles Services. Implications of these findings are discussed.

在我国建立宪法法院的必要性与可行性之分析

在我国建立什么样的违宪审查机制一直是理论界争议的难题,这直接关系着我国违宪审查体制的建构,本文从建立宪法法院的必要性和可行性两个方面论证了宪法法院的建构的益处以及宪法法院的建构与我国现行人民代表大会运行机制并无冲突。     

领土条约的界定标准、解释方法及其运行结构

领土主权属于一国的核心利益问题。国际法院基于《维也纳条约法公约》第31-32条之规定,在解决领土条约争端时采取了"实质优于形式"和"同意"等界定标准。同时,在适用该《公约》解释相关条款时采取了不同的解释方法,体现了一定的灵活性,但也出现过矛盾与反复。对此,应根据该《公约》第31-32条规定的内部要素及外部变量,优化领土条约的解释方法和运行结构。这种路径的设计不再拘泥于《条约法公约》本身,适当拓展、引入当事方提供的证明事实真相的关键证据,对领土条约的解释进行补充说明,并非游离于《条约法公约》之外,转而寻求保持占有法律、有效控制等法理基础及相应的事实主张和证据,而是将两者合而为一,以《条约法公约》解释规则为主,其他关键证据为辅的层级解释路径。另外,国际法院在解释相关领土条约时,除了适用"《条约法公约》+其他层级关键证据"模式外,还应借鉴学界的解释方法论,以使得两者交互影响,进一步完善条约解释方法的路径,实现对领土条约解释规则的再造。     

The PRC-Laos BIT is Applicable to the Macau SAR?

On29September2016,theCourtoftheAppealoftheRepublicofSingaporeissuedthejudgmentconcerningSanumInvestmentLimitedv.TheGovernmentoftheLaoPeople’sDemocraticRepublic.Inthisjudgment,theCourtdeclaredthatthePRC-LaosBITwasapplicabletoMacauSAR.However,thejudgmentmadebytheCourtiswrongandthustriggeredaseriesofridiculousconclusionsbecauseofthewrongfulinterpretationonArticle31ofthe1969ViennaConventionontheLawofTreaties,thewrongfulidentificationonthenatureofthecustomsinternationalruleforthe“movingtreatyfrontier”rule,andtheinappropriatestandardofproofontheissueof“otherwiseestablished”.     

The European Court of Justice and the Annulment of the Tobacco Advertisement Directive: Friend of National Sovereignty or Foe of Public Health?

In Case C-376/98 Germany v Council the European Court of Justice annulled a Directive which banned the advertisement and sponsorship of tobacco. The judgment sanctions regulatory policy-making at the national rather than the Community level. The paper examines the legal basis of the annulment, its effect on economic efficiency and the implied role of the Court in the formulation of public policy in Europe. Within the institutional limits of the judicial power to determine policy, the Court focused on whether or not disparate national laws restrict free movement and distort competition and affirmed the primacy of the nation state to regulate economic activity.