Punishing without rewards? A comprehensive examination of the asymmetry in economic voting

It has been controversial whether incumbents are punished more for a bad economy than they are rewarded for a good economy due to mixed results from previous studies on one or handful number of countries. This paper makes an empirical contribution to this lingering question by conducting extensive tests on whether this asymmetry hypothesis is a cross-nationally generalizable phenomenon using all currently available modules of the Comparative Study of Electoral Systems survey from 122 elections in 42 representative democracies between 1996 and 2016, as well as macro-economic indicators and individual-level economic perception. In general, this paper finds little support for the asymmetry hypothesis; although the evidence of such asymmetric economic voting is found in some subpopulations using certain economic indicators, these conditional effects are largely inconsistent, suggesting that it is still safe to assume a linear relationship between economic conditions and support for the incumbent.     

议题性质、威胁认知、共同利益与“可合作安全”

通过合作促进安全的理念越来越成为国际社会的共识。但是，在当前的国际安全合作中，普遍存在“多愿望，少行动”的现象。由于安全概念的泛化，国际社会几乎在所有安全问题上都表达出希望通过合作的方式来解决问题的意愿。但实际上，很多安全问题不可合作。“可合作安全”的概念是基于议题性质、威胁认知和共同利益的一种预设的状态。对议题性质的认定是安全合作的前提条件。如果安全合作对象在议题性质的认定方面观点不一致，那么安全合作不可实现；反之，安全合作是可能实现的。在安全合作对象关于议题性质观点一致的基础上，安全合作主要受威胁认知和共同利益两个因素的影响。如果安全合作的对象彼此威胁认知越小，且在应对安全威胁方面的共同利益越多，那么安全合作越可能实现；如果安全合作对象彼此威胁认知越大，且在应对安全威胁方面的共同利益越少，那么安全合作越难实现、甚至不可合作。“可合作安全”在应对安全威胁的实践中，可以为有关部门在什么问题上合作、与谁合作等提供思路，使国际安全合作更具针对性和目的性。     

Citizens’ perceptions of the courts: The impact of race, gender, and recent experience

This study examined the influences of race, gender, and recent court experience on citizens’ perceptions of the courts in their communities. Using national survey data collected in 2000, this research assessed variation in perceptions of the courts along four dimensions: differential treatment, fair procedure and outcome, concern and respect, and overall evaluation. The results showed that racial minorities, including Blacks and Latinos, were more likely than Whites to have negative attitudes toward the courts. While race is generally a better predictor than gender, the interaction between gender and race is important in understanding citizen’s perceptions of the courts. Citizens who have recent personal contact with the courts tend to rate the courts less favorable than those who have no recent contact. Citizens’ opinions of the police and equal opportunity are also significantly related to their perceptions of the courts. Implications for policy and future research are discussed.     

两种价值观对组织公民行为的预测及调节作用探析

以188名企业员工及其主管和同事为被试,运用问卷调查法和分层回归分析的统计方法考察了个人主义/集体主义(I/C)独立于组织公平感,对组织公民行为的预测作用,及I/C对公平感与组织公民行为之间关系的调节作用。结果发现:I/C对主管和同事评价的OCB都具有独立于公平感的预测作用,同时还可以调节程序公平与同事评价OCB之间的关系,集体主义价值观越强,则程序公平感与同事评价OCB之间的相关越弱。     

The effect of respondents' just world beliefs and target person's social worth and awareness-of-risk on perceptions of a person with AIDS

The present research examined how individuals' just world beliefs affected their perceptions of a person with AIDS who was depicted as having contracted the HIV virus while either aware or unaware of health risks, and who was defined as either high or low in general social deservingness or worth. Dependent variables included respondents' affective reactions to the person with AIDS, their willingness to allocate resources to him, and their perception of the fairness or the unfairness both of his general plight and that various types of resources be given to him. Results indicated that those who were higher in just world beliefs were more emotionally negative to the other with AIDS, they were less willing to contribute resources to him, and they felt that it was less fair that such resource transfers be required. Similar response patterns were found when the other with AIDS was described as lower in social worth and when he was depicted as having contracted AIDS with full awareness of health risks. Implications of the findings were discussed in terms of how psychological theories of justice might inform health care policy.     

基于SERVQUAL的专业感知质量实证研究——以公共事业管理专业为例

从学生视角对专业感知质量进行研究可以对人才培养模式改革起到一定的指导作用。本研究以公共事业管理专业为例,依据SERVQUAL量表构建了感知质量度量模型,并以武汉地区三类高校382名本科生的调查数据为依据,对模型进行了实证检验。研究发现公共事业管理专业感知质量由专业愿景、学生参与、师资队伍、课程教学、实践环节、学习资源、管理机制7个维度构成。     

Exonerees in Black and White: the influence of race on perceptions of those who falsely confessed to a crime

ABSTRACT

Black Americans account for 61% of those who have been released from prison through DNA exoneration. In the present study, we explored the influence of race on perceptions of wrongfully convicted individuals who have been exonerated. Participants (N?=?121) were randomly assigned to read a fictional newspaper article about a Black or White individual who was wrongfully convicted due to a false confession and then report their perceptions of the exoneree’s guilt, warmth, competence and aggression, how deserving the exoneree was of government assistance and the likelihood that once released, the exoneree would commit a crime resulting in his reimprisonment. Results indicated that a Black exoneree was perceived as more aggressive (but not less competent or warm), less deserving of assistance, and more likely to commit a crime post exoneration resulting in his reimprisonment than a White exoneree. We also explored whether there were differences in terms of race on perceptions of mental illness for those wrongfully convicted due to falsely confessing to a crime and found that participants perceived a White exoneree as more mentally ill than a Black exoneree. The implications for the post-incarceration experiences and challenges faced by Black exonerees relative to White exonerees are discussed.     

Risk Perceptions and Fear of Criminal Victimization Among Visitors to Jamaica

ABSTRACT

Tourism is viewed as being particularly vulnerable to crime and data on the attitudes of visitors and travel agents tend to confirm this. Visitor perceptions of the risk of being criminally victimized in Jamaica have tended to be somewhat negative although the rate of criminal victimization of tourists is fairly low. Visitors' perceptions of safety are thus not in keeping with the objective indicators of the risk of tourist victimization. This paper attempts to explain this disjuncture between risk perception and the reality of visitor victimization. It discusses the likely long-term effects, and suggests possible responses to it.     

China and the world: Perception and analysis

Abstract

This paper considers whether China's images of itself may have influenced analyses of China from the outside, and thereby skewed understanding. A sense of Chineseness, of a culture and civilization which is somehow very different from any other, is a recurrent theme in China's history and in the history of Europe's direct contacts with China. Acceptance by Europeans of such images as true representations of China is itself a tradition which stretches back many centuries, and the sentiment of China's uniqueness often seems to have been drawn into contemporary studies of China.     

Local political leaders and context awareness: identifying perceptions of autonomy and efficacy

Leadership theories fail to explain how leaders acquire and interpret context. This article claims that political leadership styles articulate a choice of action that results from the leader's discerned possibilities to act. In order to explore these interpreted contextual determinants of leadership styles and the degree to which “possibility” has an influence over them, our research used a multiple case study design, with extensive interviews. Focusing on context awareness as a way of unveiling style determinants, I claim that it will produce different effects on leadership styles as a consequence of the leader's sense of autonomy and of political efficacy.