联合国财政改革的国际法分析

联合国自成立以来,就持续受到财政紧缺的困扰,财政问题尤其是会员国拖欠会费问题,制约着联合国的正常运转和联合国改革的全局。联合国组织本身的局限性以及缺乏强有力的欠费制裁机制,是联合国财政改革的内在需求。改革的主要思路是开源节流,节约开支、精简预算并寻求可行的新财政来源,辅之以有效的欠费执行机制。以国际法为基础,在国际政治与国际关系的互动中推进联合国财政改革,是当前国际社会共同的目标。     

联合国研究在中国--回顾与思考

中国的联合国研究起步较晚 ,其发展过程与中国对国际事务的参与程度及中国对联合国和多边外交重要性的认识不断加深密切相关。自 2 0世纪 90年代以来 ,中国的联合国研究取得重要进展 ,出现了硕果累累的可喜局面。中国联合国研究的领域和视野逐步扩展 ,角度日益多样化 ,已有一支学术队伍和若干重点课题。但与其他学科 ,甚至与国际问题其他领域研究相比 ,中国的联合国研究还存在许多不足。只有清楚地认识到不足 ,这一学科才能取得更大发展。     

Key actors in UN environmental governance: influence,reform and leadership

In the introductory article it was concluded that the effectiveness of the UN environmental institutions studied was quite low. Key actors, especially the US and the EU, play a considerable role in explaining the course of development in these institutions. However, this does not mean that these processes are mainly state-driven as a number of other factors matter. The potential for reform and increased effectiveness is limited as the main actors, the US the EU and G-77/China have very different interests and perceptions as to the future directions of these institutions.

联合国维持和平行动与后殖民国家建构(1980—2015年)

联合国是维和行动主要的组织者和实施者。冷战结束以来，西方主导的联合国维和的目标由维护和平逐渐转变为战后重建，并开始承担复杂的国家建构任务。一方面，维和给目标国带来了和平，维和人员的日常开支对目标国经济的恢复和发展作出了一定贡献。但是维和任务的速成性和维和经济造成的收入两极分化等因素，都对目标国的经济发展产生了消极影响。另一方面，维和人员的税收豁免权、维和人员与其他社会群体的收入差距以及由此导致的政府部门人才流失和腐败、平行行政部门的出现等都严重削弱了政府对社会的渗透和控制能力。不仅如此，维和人员税收豁免和收入两极分化显著地降低了民众的纳税意愿，使得逃税和抗税盛行，提高了征税难度。维和部队对于目标国政府军向民众单方面使用暴力采取的不干涉态度，也强化了社会抗税心理。所以，西方主导的联合国维和行动既缩小了目标国的税基，降低了官僚机构的效能，又打击了民众的纳税意愿，显著地降低了目标国的财政汲取能力。本文对1980—2015年126个后殖民国家的大样本统计分析表明，无论是短期还是长期，西方主导的联合国维和行动和后殖民目标国的汲取能力都呈显著的负相关关系。     

Business model–dynamic capabilities and open innovation initiatives in research-intensive organisations: A case of Australia's national science agency

Publicly funded national science agencies create value as innovation catalysts and through their scientific and research missions, they tackle wicked problems. Understanding how dynamic capabilities and business model innovation enable research-intensive organisations to seize the market in the mission is key to translating bold new science that has impact. We qualitatively explore how Australia's national science agency—the Commonwealth Scientific Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO)—has pursued open innovation to support business model–dynamic capabilities in an evolving publicly funded landscape. We reflect on the value of open innovation initiatives that have allowed the CSIRO to ambidextrously pursue world-class science while achieving impact.

Points for practitioners

• Dynamic capabilities and business model innovation are strategic tools for publicly funded national science agencies seeking to seize the market in the mission.
• We examine a case of business model–dynamic capabilities in CSIRO.
• Open innovation has been important for CSIRO as part of an ambidextrous approach.