The Dissemination of Detainees Awaiting Trial Before International and Internationalized Criminal Tribunals

This paper will focus on the rights attributed to detainees who are facing charges before international and internationalized criminal courts. The question is whether their position merits a different approach compared to the position of detainees who are confronted with domestic criminal trials. In particular, this paper will address the question whether, and to what extent, international human rights have a direct effect on the position of the former detainees. Attention will focus on case law of the European Court of Human Rights vis-a-vis the rights of detainees and the impact thereof on the position of detainees who are held in custody on behalf of international and internationalized criminal courts. The author is Professor of International Criminal Law at Utrecht University (The Netherlands), defence counsel acting before the ICTY, ICTR and SCSL, and a partner of the law firm Knoops & Partners Advocaten in Amsterdam, the Netherlands.     

Just punishments: Guideline sentences and normative consensus

The federal sentencing guidelines prescribe ranges of sentences to be given to persons convicted of felonies in the federal criminal courts. The U.S. Sentencing Commission wrote the guidelines attempting to make sentences conform to community views of appropriate punishments, along with several other criteria. Employing data from a 1994 national sample of adult Americans, designed as a factorial survey, the degree of correspondence is shown between guidelines sentences and those desired by the American public. Although at the individual level only a modest degree of concordance was found, the central tendencies of public opinion (median sentences) were found to correspond quite closely to the guidelines sentences. The major points of disagreement centered around drug trafficking crimes: the guidelines prescribed very long sentences for those crimes and distinguished sharply among trafficking in heroin, powder cocaine, and crack, whereas median sentences desired by the public were much lower and did not distinguish sharply among trafficking in those drugs. We interpret the findings as indicating that the guidelines sentences conform reasonably closely to American normative consensus concerning the sentencing of federal felons.The research reported in this article was commissioned by the U.S. Sentencing Commission. The views expressed in this article are not necessarily endorsed by the Commission. Full expositions of the findings from the national survey used are given by Rossi and Berk (1995, 1997).     

A Retrograde Step: The Potential Impact of High Visibility Uniforms Within Youth Justice Reparation

Abstract: The Labour government has recently introduced uniforms for adult offenders undertaking community service as part of their community orders. There have also been calls within the youth justice arena to introduce uniforms to young offenders undertaking reparation. Through observations, interviews and questionnaires with young offenders and their supervising staff, we argue that the introduction of uniforms will be counterproductive on a number of levels. In short, it would be a retrograde step. We conclude with a suggestion on how to increase the visibility of unpaid work by offenders within the community, without the negative impact of uniforms.     

Short‐ versus long‐term effects of Ohio's switch to more structured sentencing on extralegal disparities in prison sentences in an urban court*

Research Summary The impact of Ohio's presumptive guidelines on sentencing disparities was examined for one of the state's largest jurisdictions to determine whether the switch to more structured sentencing in 1996 had any enduring effects. Sentencing patterns were examined both before and shortly after the 1996 reform, as well as 9 years later. Findings revealed weaker race and marital status effects on imprisonment under guidelines versus stronger age effects, no changes in disparities based on a defendant's sex and means of support, and (virtually) no changes in the magnitude of legally relevant effects. Policy Implications Ohio's guidelines are more flexible relative to other guideline schemes, possibly accounting for the general stability in effects across regimes. Ohio has since transitioned to voluntary guidelines, which raised concerns that the change will yield higher levels of sentencing disparities. Findings suggest that the transition may coincide with no changes in legal effects, yet with greater disparities based on a defendant's race and marital status.     

试论现代汉语核心句的句义结构类型

作为语法研究的一个有顶组成部分，句义结构的类型研究必须要遵循语形语义相结合的基本原则，本根据区别性语义特征将现代汉语基础表义结构分为属性，方们，领属，识别，感知，自身动作，涉客动作等七小类，并采用谓词逻辑对各小类基础表义结构的内部语义配置式进行描写，指出现代汉语句子的语义成分是一个逐层概括的层级系统，现代汉语核心锯的语义结构有五种基本类型。     

包含名宾心理动词的事件句和非事件句

事件句和非事件句是从认知语言学的角度上界定出的一对语法语义范畴.在句法层面上,事件句、非事件句和构句成分有相互的选择关系.在不同的句法结构中,心理动词的语义表现为属性义和非属性义.当心理动词表现为属性义时,由心理动词作谓语述语构成的句子是非事件句;当心理动词表现为非属性义时,由心理动词作谓语述语的句子是事件句.     

大学英语词汇教学中一个不可忽视的现象

本文强调了词语搭配教学在大学英语词汇教学中的重要作用,通过探讨词语搭配的分类、特点、封闭式搭配中习语的形成和开放式搭配中词语搭配的规律,帮助学生掌握和活用词语搭配,从而使学生正确使用较多的词汇,实现词汇教学的目标。     

论我国社区服刑人员矫正效果评估体系的构建

社区服刑人员矫正效果评估是检验社区服刑人员矫正质量和社区矫正工作效果的重要手段，是社区矫正工作的关键环节和基础工作。以社区服刑人员再社会化为中心，遵循罪犯矫正的本质与规律，构建科学、实效的社区服刑人员矫正效果评估体系，是提升社区矫正工作整体水平，促进社区矫正工作发展的现实需要和必然要求。     

论死刑复核程序中的律师辩护权

现行的死刑复核程序是法院主动启动、书面秘密审理的内部程序,未将被告人辩护权法定化。辩护律师在介入死刑复核程序时,没有法律依据,从而导致律师辩护权在行使和保障机制上的障碍。在死刑复核程序中的,应当明确和加强律师的会见权、阅卷权、调查取证权、组织听证权、发表辩护意见权等一些基础性权利。     

论我国法律援助辩护之完善

在“推进以审判为中心的诉讼制度改革”背景下，我国法律援助辩护制度范围进一步扩大，法律援助辩护服务也呈标准化趋势，但仍不能满足司法实践需要，且同国际通行的法律援助辩护制度存在一定距离。对此，应将法律援助辩护的范围扩大至可能判处3年有期徒刑以上刑罚的案件，并适用于审前侦查、审查起诉两阶段。对于可能被判处3年有期徒刑以下刑罚的案件，为保障被告人在被拘禁期间最低限度的合法权利，至少由值班律师为其提供法律援助。鉴于死刑的严厉性与不可弥补性，死刑复核程序必须有律师辩护。为提高法律援助辩护率与质量，应考虑设立公设辩护人制度，健全法律援助辩护质量监督体系，并落实对法律援助事业的资金保障。